DAIRY INDUSTRY AND LABOURS

Dairy India 2007, the sixth edition of Dairy India, has a lead paper by the former President of India, Dr APJ Abdul Kalama, who shares his vision on the contribution of agriculture, food and the processing industry. A commentary on Dr V kurien, the father of the white revolution who brought India on the world dairy map, and a tribute to P R Gupta, who founded the Dairy India Publications Group, They covers and includes trends in consumption and market size of milk and milk products, WTO challenges and export potential, management of dairy plants and farms, health care, clean milk production, food safety and quality standards. In addition, there is a special section devoted to technological innovations and organized production of TIMP (Pannier, Gulab jamun, Rassogolla, Shrikhand, etc), a potentially lucrative segment ignored so far by the industry. In response to the unprecedented developments in Asian countries, a special section titled ‘Dairy Asia’, researched and edited by the eminent expert Dr R S Khanna, has been introduced in this edition.

2. DAIRY AND GLOBLISATION-

Globalization has set in motion changes that have dramatically altered the perceptions of food by consumers. The quest for new exotic foods is driving food technologists today, and Dairy India 2007 provides answers to many of their questions. It is an indispensable compendium that will be an asset to individuals, professionals and scientists associated with the dairy industry in particular, and the food industry in general. They will greatly benefit from the enormous technical and economic information, which combines the wisdom of the past with the scientific knowledge base of today The impact was phenomenal. The organized dairy sector initially launched many western products: baby food, milk powders of various grades, butter, cheese, ice-cream and packaged liquid milk. Later branded sweet were also included in the product profile of cooperative dairies like AMUL Brand and SUGAM Brand and others. While this innovation process was on, dairy technologists worked on developing process technologies for the computerization and large-scale manufacture of Traditional Indian Milk Products (TIMP). At several institutions including NDDB ANAND, NDRI KARNAL, CFTRI MYSORE etc, a number of processes were developed and pilot plants were erected for scale-up, which helped in establishing commercial scale process technologies for the manufacture of Indian milk delicacies and instant mixes. The essential information provides to companies, Indian milk products manufacturers, dairy plants, veterinary and pharmaceutical organizations, government organizations, equipment manufacturers and consultants that there are six aspects:
1. Survey,
2. quality
3. Management,
4. Research
5. Directory and
6. Who’s Who.
They are the six aspects which Aspects control, watch, and give infrastructure such as food safety regulations,
* analytical tests,
* labeling information,
* quality systems, and
* Sanitary and phyto-sanitary (SPS) requirements

These have been well maintain to help entrepreneurs understand the intricacies of manufacturing milk products for the global market using world class technology.Operation Flood modernized the dairy sector of India by organizing the infrastructure for milk procurement, processing and marketing. The ensuring of remunerative prices to milk producers and the organization of an efficient supply chain management system had a snowballing impact on milk production. Operation Flood also gave stimulus to continuously develop and upgrade dairy processing technology, which formed the basis of a high-tech dairy industry. The impact was phenomenal. The organized dairy sector initially launched many western products: baby food, milk powders of various grades, butter, cheese, ice-cream and packaged liquid milk. Later branded SWEETS were also included in the product profile of cooperative dairies like AMUL, SUGAM and others. While this innovation process was on, dairy technologists worked on developing process technologies for the mechanization and large-scale manufacture of traditional Indian milk products (TIMP). At several institutions including NDDB ANAND, NDRI KARNAL , CFTRI MYSORE etc, a number of processes were developed and pilot plants were erected for scale-up, which helped in establishing commercial scale process technologies for the manufacture of Indian milk delicacies also instant mix.

3. CONCEPT OF DAIRY TECHNOLOLGY-AND LABOURS-

Dairy India is a databank-cum-guide-cum-directory, which contains over 120 in-depth articles, and 260 statistical tables and charts. The directory section lists 7000 organizations including dairy plants and farms, equipment and consumable manufacturers, cattle feed and veterinary pharmaceutical manufacturers, chemicals and food additives, project consultants, breeding and fodder-seed farms, analytical and disease-diagnostic laboratories, cooperative institutions and government agencies. It is well known that India is the world’s largest milk producer. In 2006-2007, it celebrated reaching the magical figure of 100 million tonnes (mt). Since the inception of the Operation Flood programme (1971-1996) by the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) ANAND the average annual growth rate of milk production has been over 5 percent. In 2005, the size of India’s dairy sector was estimated at Rs 2300 billion, with a production of 95 mt. Dairy India 2007 estimates that by 2011 the value of the dairy industry will more than double, reaching Rs 5200 billion, with annual milk production estimated at 120 Million Tonnes.A treasure trove of information, this 864-page publication offers the most comprehensive and up-to-date picture about the world’s numerous uno dairying nation. It presents an in-depth profile of the emerging dairy situation by identifying new trends, market opportunities and investment prospects, and expounding new insights, analyses and ideas-
4. TECHNOLOGY UP GRADATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DAIRY DEVELOPMENT-
Unemployment is increasing over the years. It is a matter of concern and it is a big challenge faced by the nation. The rate of employment growth fell from 2.70% to 1.07% per annum between 1993-94 and 1999-2000 despite the positive growth rate in Gross Domestic Products (GDP), which increased from 5.02% to 6.70% during the same period (National Sample Survey Organisation). The agriculture, including allied sectors, is a major employment generating sector till date, but it stopped absorbing more people (employment elasticity was 0.70 in 1993-94 and reduced to 0.01 in 1999-2000, Planning Commission Report, 2002).The possible reasons are:Frequent droughts and variations in agricultural growthSlow growth in labour intensive sectors of agriculture Migration of agricultural cultivators/ labour to urban areas or to non-farm sector Slowdown in investment in agriculture and allied activities However, given an appropriate policy, it has the potential to grow Among the agriculture and allied activities, animal husbandry, specially dairy, contributes significantly to GDP (5.9% of total GDP is from animal husbandry). It is a well-known fact that for generations dairying is playing an important role in a farmer's life by providing supplementary income. In the past, dairy farming had been done by most of the farmers for household consumption or to supplement the income rather than a primary source of income. However, because of Operation Flood and the cooperative movement, dairy farming has been seen as a business by most of the farmers. Apart from these, the government has introduced different schemes for breeding, disease prevention and also various incentives.

Due to all these measures, there is a remarkable progress and India has become number one in milk production, from 74 million tonnes per annum in 1998-99 to 100 million tonnes at present, surpassing even the US. Further, it is one of the major activities opted by farmers in poverty alleviation programmes. Dairy sector occupies first position with 35-40% of beneficiaries availing assistance under poverty alleviation programmes, like the Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP), and now under the Swarnajayanthi Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY) scheme.
5. EMPLOYMENT GENERATION OPPORTUNITIES-—
5.1 Livestock sector provides employment to 18 million people (1993-94) and nearly 70% of them are women. Further, dairy sector is the major source of income for an estimated 27.6 million people (Subbarama Naidu, 2004). Among these, 65 to 70% are small, marginal farmers and landless labourers. The dairy sector supports around 1.23 crore members/farmers through 1.13 lakh cooperative societies existing in the country. Apart from employment generated by rearing of animals, the procurement of milk and its processing also provides substantial employment. For example in Punjab, Milk Federation (Milkfed), with its network of over 5,000 village Milk Producers' Cooperative Societies, supports over 3 lakh milk producers. Further, Milkfed and its units have a work force of about 5,000 employees and gives employment to another 10,000 workers who are engaged in milk procurement and technical input supply, etc. (website of Milkfed). A similar number of workforce is employed in almost all the milk federations.Under SGSY, the only self-employment programme for rural areas, about 35% swarojgaries opted for dairy farming as an income-generating activity. The incremental employment generated was 11 man-days per month and the incremental net income generated was Rs 865 per month per person (Nationwide Study on SGSY, National Institute of Rural Development, 2005).
5.2 The annual rate of growth in milk production is about 5%. As per the estimates, the demand for milk is likely to be 126 to 180 million tonnes by 2020 (Praduman Kumar 1998).With these growth rates, the additional employment generated is calculated as:
Milk production at present: about 100 million tonnes.Estimated rate of growth in milk production: 5%.Estimated increase in milk production per annum: 4.4 million tonnes.
Estimated number of animals required for production of 4.4 million tonnes of milk:20lakh milch animals (@ 6 litre per animal/day).Estimated generation of employment for rearing of 20 lakh milch animals : about 2 lakh people (@ one person for rearing of 10 animals).
In addition to the above, the procurement, processing and marketing of milk and veterinary services also generate additional employment.
6. CHALLENGES AHEAD AND REMEDIAL MEASURES-

The per capita availability of milk is increased from 43 kg per annum in the year 1983 to 73.5 kg per annum in the year 2000. Further, the new dairy plant capacity approved under the Milk & Milk Products Order (MMPO) has exceeded 100 million litres per day. Though India is producing 15% of total milk production in the world, the share of exports is less than 1% due to lack of proper quality measures and unhygienic conditions prevailing at milking, storage, transportation and general handling of milk. Further, the milk procurement agencies are procuring milk and making payment based on only Fat and Solids-Not-Fat (SNF) with no incentive/disincentive for bacteriological quality, off - flavors, chemical contaminants, etc.The Indian dairy industry is facing challenges from consumers who have awareness about the quality and safety of the products consumed by them. The consumers are also willing to pay premium for the quality. Even on the exports front, India is lagging behind due to lack of quality measures resulting in the product with the presence of high bacterial count/pathogenic bacteria and hazardous effects of residual pesticides. Training of extension officers in the scientific management practices of dairy farming, record keeping and economics.Training of farmers in animal health, feeding practices, clean milking routines, record keeping by extension officers of Union.Arranging film shows on management of animals and surroundings, clean milk production and their benefits.Arranging for filed visits to Dairy Cooperative Society (DCS) which are already implementing these programmes. Farmers are encouraged to go for dairy farms with good shed, feed racks, partitions, water pails, animals identified with ear tags.
Union has established community milking parlors with milking machine at selected DCS. All the member farmers are bringing all the animals to the milking parlour and milk the animal with the help of machines. All the hygienic practices (washing animal, washing udder, teat dip, washing machine and other equipment, etc.) are followed by the farmers under the supervision of the extension officer of the union initially and later under the supervision of the DCS secretary. So far around 66 community milk parlours are established. The cost of the machine (milking 6 animal; at a time) is Rs 1.48 lakh and the cost of the open shed is around Rs 36,000 (12x6 sft for 6 animals with asbestos roof @ Rs 100/sq. ft).The other Milk Unions/Procurement agencies/private dairies can avail funds for such projects under the Central Sector Scheme "Dairy/ Poultry Venture Capital Fund" of Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, routed through the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) and also under the Central Sector Scheme for "Development/Strengthening of Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure, Grading, Standardization" of Directorate of Marketing & Inspection, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, routed through NABARD as per the guidelines applicable from time to time.
7.CONCLUSION
The milk production in India was 88 million tons in 2003. (over 100 million tonnes in 2006). Though India is producing 15 per cent of total world milk production, its share of exports is less than one per cent. The growing milk production (@ 5 per cent per annum) will generate an estimated employment for about 2 lakh people. But, to sustain this growth in milk production, up-gradation of technology for producing quality milk or milk products is the need of the hour. So, technology up-gradation in the dairy sector plays important role in sustainability of dairy and also sustainable employment and incomes in rural India. The authors wish to express their sincere thanks to the officials of milk cooperative societies and Kolar Milk Union for extending all the cooperation and provide the required data on clean milk production programme under implementation in the district.
REFERENCES-
1 www.indiaagronet.com/indiaagronet/ Dairy
2Dr.k.g.karmakar&g.d.banergee(2010)” Opportunities and challenges to dairy industries”