WOMEN SHAKTI AND AGRICULTURE__(2)

Women are not recognized for their production role in the economy. Their reproductive role is taken for granted and as naturally given. Both men and women are socialized in a manner which prescribed and recognizes the non-domestic public and economic sphere as the male sphere and regards the domestic as the non-productive non-economic female sphere .For the women in subsistence agriculture, it implies the reproduction of exploitative relations of production, -related differentiation in access the new agrarian technology patriarchy and power relationships between the sexes and women’s subordinate position in the family and society .Family income is a stream of money, goods, services and satisfactions that come under the control of the family, to be used by them to satisfy their needs and desires and to discharge obligations. . In agriculture, income-earning work such as planting, weeding, harvesting in the field ponding products like rice etc. in other household are taken directly in to consideration by women.

WOMEN SHAKTI AND AGRICULTURE

WOMEN SHAKTI AND AGRICULTURE.
Inaugurated speech by chairman late P.M.Smt. Indira Gandhi –A synopsis of the report of the National committee which published by Allied publishers, India (1975}.”I do not agree that women are an appressed minority or a minority at all. It is such an attitude that makes women weak, men and women together make up society and if the Shakti of both is tapped, society will greatly benefit. As things stand in society to day, although the women possess Shakti, they do not tap it. Therefore, whatever work is done among women must be that which increases their Shakti. It is necessary that women become an economic asset to the family and the society for getting their status raised.”
Thus in modern agriculture, women shared a number of farm operations with men. Activities such as seed selection, sowing behind the plough, dibbling and planting, field irrigations, weeding and cleaning of grains, collection and storage of manure and most of other farm operations are mainly carried out by women.

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENT

Economic development is frequently considered to be the culprit for environmental degradation Economic activity can cause environmental Problems, but with right policies and institutions. They can help to solve these problems as well. The policies leading to increasing the efficiency and quality of resources. Without adequate environmental protection, development will be undermined; without development, environmental protection will fail. Thus economic development and sound environmental management are complementary aspects. Human beings should be at the center of economic policy and environmental policies as well. :Economic policies increases the income, which finally lengthen the life, improve the level of education and health of its population. Similarly, Environmental policies that reduce air and water pollution, which improves the well being of people. So we can measure the level of economic development with human development. It is readily available.
HDI – HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX.
EQI – ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY INDEX.
PSR – PRESSURE – STATE RESPONSE.
DD -- DEVELOPMENT DIMONDS.
ED -- ENVIRONMENTAL DIMONDS.
PCA – TECHNIQUE OF PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS.
Thus HDI readily available from Human Development Report. The Economic Development Index are also available in HDR. The construction of EQI is very complex because it is the question of geographic heterogeneity. The classical example is acid rain, nitrogen oxides, sulphuric acids etc. Building and EQI involves two steps—
1. To calculate values for EQI.
2. To aggregate sub indices in to an overall index.
In this regards technique of PSR is useful. The PSR models rely on assumption that there is a link between the environment and the state of an economy. World Bank in 1994 developed DD. DD for a given country was constructed by using four indicators.—per capita GNP, life expectancy, gross primary enrolment and access of safe water. Similar technique used to construct ED, which consists multi dimensional concepts of air, water, forest, land, solid west, wild life and other bioata. There for a dimensionality reduction technique of PCA is used for transforming co-related FOUR variables--- air quality, land quality, bio-diversity and water quality. In short environmental quality is a multi-dimensional problems, which occurs from industrialization, technical progress in industries as well as in agriculture. But there are relationships between inputs and out puts also between economic activity and environment are dynamic in nature and change continually.

RURAL DEVELOPMENT WITH TECHNOLOGY

RURAL DEVELOPMENT WITH TECHNOLOGY

Rural development is the strategy designed to improve the economic and social life of specific group – the rural poor which comprises small and marginal farmers, tenants, the lend less rural artisans. With modernization and monetization of rural society and with its transition and traditional isolation to integration with the national economy, it should be change to each component of rural life in a desired direction along with other components. The criteria for the rural development, therefore, needs improvement in productivity, employment, higher incomes, minimum expectable levels of food, clothing, shelter, health, education etc. after the independence, the country launched various anti poverty and employment oriented programs for rectifying the situation, National Government has decided restructure the self employment programs. In India the basic problem is of making a choice between labour- intensive and capital-intensive technique on account of these reason, it is contented that in selecting a technique, which would require their services, the social cost would be low. And so, in India labour intensive techniques are to be preferred to a capital-intensive technique. India’s population is still rapidly expanding. Living standards are rising and slated to rise faster than in the past. As they rise, both calorific intake and diversification of diet will increase significant. Both as a challenge and as an opportunity, India can and must do much more to modernize and diversify its agriculture to meet the increase domestic and international demand for a wide variety of the products. Thus globule market market situations are pushing the rural economy of India for new technology.

A step towards sustainable agriculture

To provide enough food and gainful; employment to increasing population is a big challenge before agricultural scientist. To feed such a large population we have to produce at least 205 mt extra food grains and have to double our present day milk, vegetables, fruits, eggs, meat production besides meeting their requirement for fuel, fiber, timber etc for clothing and housing. To primitive know-how of crop cultivation has been transformed into modern agriculture, through ages and it is still changing. And evolving according to the economics, social and environmental needs. It was aptly uttered by Pandit Jawaharlaal Nahru ‘everything can wait but not the agriculture’. In the post green revolution era, imbalanced fertilization, excessive irrigation and indiscriminate use of pesticides have undermined the sustainability.
This step can be carry forwarded by equal participation of both the gender through timely and proper extension services.