ABSTRACT
An extension
of this technology is the ability to send and receive data across these
cellular networks. This is the principle of mobile computing. A
technology that allows transmission of data, via a computer, without having to
be connected to a fixed physical link is Mobile Computing. M- learning is not just electronic , it’s mobile.
The evolution in education and training at a distance can be characterized as a
move from d-learning to e-learning to m-
learning. Thus
problem of the incorporation of mobile learning into mainstream
education and training has been addressed in this presentation. The answer to
the question ‘Why has mobile learning not moved from project status to the
mainstream?’ has been identified. It is that mobile learning is not seen as a
satisfactory revenue stream by the telecommunications operators. Solutions have
been proposed for this problem. there
are thousands of universities and further and higher education colleges all
over the world. If they can all be convinced to accept mobile learning as their
normal means of communication with all their students on changes of timetable,
submission deadlines, enrolment procedures and other administrative necessities,
a massive mobile learning revenue stream will already be set up the production
of a mobile learning development kit for distribution to
universities and colleges to enable them to introduce mobile learning will set
up another revenue stream.the production of course guides, course summaries,
examination reminders, helps with difficult parts of a course, will set up
another revenue stream., the production of full course modules for PDAs,
handhelds, palmtops, and also for smartphones and eventually for mobile phones,
will set up another revenue stream.and the literature of the field needs to be
developed, books on mobile learning need to be written conferences like this
one need to be organized. The challenge to all of you attending this conference
is to go away from here convinced of the need to establish mobile learning as a
viable and valuable revenue stream for the telecommunications industry.
INTRODUCTION
Mobile voice communication
is widely established throughout the world and has had a very rapid increase in
the number of subscribers to the various cellular networks over the last few
years. An extension of this technology is the ability to send and receive data
across these cellular networks. This is the principle of mobile computing. A
technology that allows transmission of data, via a computer, without having to
be connected to a fixed physical link is Mobile Computing.
Mobile Computing is a variety of wireless devices
that has the mobility to allow people to connect to the internet, providing
wireless transmission to access data and information from where ever location
they may be. Mobile computing has three aspects:
1Mobile communication-- The first aspect
addresses communication issues in ad-hoc and infrastructure networks as well as
communication properties, protocols, data formats and concrete technologies.
2
Mobile hardware - The second aspect is on the hardware, e.g., mobile devices or device
components.
3
Mobile software The third aspect deals with the characteristics and
requirements of mobile applications.
MOBILE DETA COMMUNICATION-
Mobile
data communication has become a very important and rapidly evolving technology
as it allows users to transmit data from remote locations to other remote or
fixed locations. This proves to be the solution to the biggest problem of
business people on the move - mobility. Wireless data connections used in mobile
computing take 3 General forms-- Cellular data
service uses technologies such as
*GSM
*CDM or GORS
*CDM or GORS
*3G Net work (like WCDMA, EDGE or CDMA2000
These networks are usually available
within range of commercial cell towers. Wi-Fi connections offer higher performance, may be either on a private business
network or accessed through public Hotspot,
and have a typical range of 100 feet indoors and up to 1000 feet outdoors. Satellite Connection Access covers
areas where cellular and Wi-Fi are not available and may be set up anywhere the user
has a line of sight to the
satellite's location, The
introduction of mobility in data communications required a move from the Public
Switched Data Network (PSDN) to other networks like the ones used by mobile
phones. PCSI has come up with an idea called CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet
Data) technology which uses the existing mobile network (frequencies used for
mobile telephony).Mobility implemented in data communications has a significant difference compared to voice communications. Mobile phones allow the user to move around and talk at the same time; the loss of the connection for 400ms during the hand over is undetectable by the user. When it comes to data, 400ms is not only detectable but causes huge distortion to the message. Therefore data can be transmitted from a mobile station under the assumption that it remains stable or within the same cell.
EXISTING CELLULAR NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
Mobile telephony took off with the introduction of cellular
technology which allowed the efficient utilisation of frequencies enabling the
connection of a large number of users. During the 1980's analogue technology
was used. Among the most well known systems were the NMT900 and 450 (Nordic
Mobile Telephone) and the AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service). In the 1990's
the digital cellular technology was introduced with GSM (Global System Mobile)
being the most widely accepted system around the world. Other such systems are
the DCS1800 (Digital Communication System) and the PCS1900 (Personal
Communication System).A cellular network consists of mobile units linked
together to switching equipment, which interconnect the different parts of the
network and allow access to the fixed Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN).
The technology is hidden from view; it's incorporated in a number of
tranceivers called Base Stations (BS). Every BS is located at a strategically
selected place and covers a given area or cell - hence the name cellular
communications. A number of adjacent cells grouped together form an area and the corresponding BSs
communicate through a so called Mobile Switching Centre (MSC). The MSC is the
heart of a cellular radio system. It is responsible for routing, or switching, calls from the originator
to the destinator. It can be thought of managing the cell, being responsible
for set-up, routing control and termination of the call, for management of
inter-MSC hand over and supplementary services, and for collecting charging and
accounting information.
DISTANCE EDUCATION AND MOBILE COMPUTING-
According to Quinn ( 2000)‘Mobile learning
is learning through mobile computational devices.’ Shepherd ( 2001) M- learning
is not just electronic , it’s mobile.The evolution in education and training at a distance can be
characterized as a move from d-learning to e-learning to m- learning. These
three stages of development correspond to the influence on society of
the industrial revolution of the 18th to 19th centuries,the electronic
revaluation of the 1980’s and the wirelessrevolution of the last years of 20th
century and now its mole revaluation. E learning is the state of the art in distance
learning at the time of writing.Mobile learning seeks to put in place a new
virtual learning environment for the future which might berepresented thus.
This will be followed by the mid2000’s by the introduction of voice input and
voicerecognition into wireless devices to create a more userfriendly environment
for learners.A first step in postulating a theory of mobile learning is to distinguish what is special about
mobile learning compared to other types of learning activity..
Kynaslahti (2003) identifies three
different elements for mobility and all of these are valuable to teachers and
students while they are teaching and learning –Teachers are able to work
anywhere even if that requires access to the Internet or a connection to others
kind of electronic environment But the definition of mobile learning the focus
should be on mobility. M learning should be restricted to learning on devices
which a lady can carry in her handbag or a gentleman can carry in his pocket.
So It is define mobile learning as “ the provision of education and training on
PDA’s/ palmtops/smart phone and mobile phone.
THE FAILURE OF MOBILE COMPUTING-
When one is discussing the question of the
incorporation of mobile learning into main stream education and training it is
important to realize that these projects were projects. That is, they were research
undertakings to set out the first building blocks of a new sector of education
and training provision. The problem is that wireless applications are being developed
for wireless devices for all walks of life. Learning and training do not seem
to be high on the list of applications that are receiving attention today. Isn’t
it strange that all higher and further education institutions today have
frequent needs for providing information to their students about timetable
changes, assessment deadlines, feedback from tutors and other urgent
administrative details? Nearly all of these students carry a sophisticated
communications device which they use constantly in all walks of life except in
their education or training Programme. The answer to these questions that I
have been posing
about why mobile learning has not moved
from project status into the mainstream is well known. It is that mobile
learning is not seen as a satisfactory revenue stream for the
telecommunications operators. The urgent need for mobile learning is to emerge
from its fragile project status and convince the telecommunications Operators
that it represents a viable and valuable revenue stream.
SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM-
1 A matrix for mainstream provision-
We have posed the problem of the status
and acceptance of mobile learning –we must now look for solutions to the
problem. One can develop a nine-point matrix for the use of mobile learning in
mainstream education and training. One axis is made up of the three types of devices
that make up mobile learning provision:
i PDAs
ii Smartphones
iii Mobile
phones.
The other axis is the types of education provision that can
reasonably be provided by mobile learning:
i Mobile learning academic administration SMSs.
ii Mobile learning academic summaries.
iii Full modules by mobile learning.
This is the presentation of full courses, or full modules of
courses, on mobile devices. This gives the following nine possibilities:
1
Mobile learning for academic administration on PDAs
2. Mobile learning for
academic administration on smartphones
3 Mobile learning for
academic administration on mobile phones
4. Mobile learning
academic summaries for PDAs
5. Mobile learning
academic summaries for smart phones.
6
Mobile learning academic summaries for
mobile phones
7. Full modules by mobile learning for PDAs
8. Full modules by mobile learning for smartphones
9.Full modules by mobile learning for
mobilephones.
2.Criteria for inclusion in the mainstream
There are four criteria for the inclusion
of mobile learning in mainstream education and training. These are:
i. Enrolment of mobile learning students
in courses on the institution’s official prospectus. This is essential for
incorporating mobile learning into the mainstream. If the mobile learning
course is not included in the institution’s prospectus and listed as available
for student enrolment it remains peripheral with the status of a research
project in an isolated university department and cannot be considered as part of
mainstream provision.
ii Enrolment of mobile learning students
into feepaying courses. This is essential for incorporating mobile learning
into the mainstream. This is applicable to countries in which fees are payable for
enrolment in further and higher education courses.
iii.. Enrolment of mobile learning
students into assessed courses.. If the mobile learning course is not assessed
with the same procedures as other courses offered by the institution it remains
peripheral with the status of a research project and cannot be considered as
part of mainstream provision.
iv. Enrolment of mobile learning students
into accredited courses. As happened in the field of distance education and
then in e-learning, the achievement of accreditation for mobile learning is an
indication that the sector has entered into the mainstream.
3. The literature
The development of the literature of
mobile learning has high importance in the move of mobile earning into the
mainstream. Mobile learning will never emerge from its present fragile
project-based status and take its place in mainstream education and training
unless it has a vibrant literature. Deans of Faculties at universities
throughout the world will never accept the introduction of mobile learning into
their courseware unless they can verify the claims of mobile learning by
consulting the research literature. Similar initiatives are necessary for the
literature of mobile learning if it is to convince academics in universities
worldwide that it is a viable form of educational provision.
THE FUTURE OF MOBILE COMPUTING-
With the rapid technological advancements in Artificial
Intelligence, Integrated Circuitry and increases in Computer Processor speeds,
the future of mobile computing looks increasingly exciting With the emphasis increasingly on compact,
small mobile computers, it may also be possible to have all the practicality of
a mobile computer in the size of a hand held organizer or even smaller.
Use
of Artificial Intelligence
may allow mobile units to be the ultimate in personal secretaries, which can
receive emails and paging messages, understand what they are about, and change
the individuals personal schedule according to the message. This can then be
checked by the individual to plan his/her day.The working lifestyle will
change, with the majority of people working from home, rather than commuting.
This may be beneficial to the environment as less transportation will be
utilised. This mobility aspect may be carried further in that, even in social
spheres, people will interact via mobile stations, eliminating the need to
venture outside of the house.This scary concept of a world full of inanimate
zombies sitting, locked to their mobile stations, accessing every sphere of
their lives via the computer screen becomes ever more real as technology,
especially in the field of mobile data communications, rapidly improves and, as
shown below, trends are very much towards ubiquitous or mobile computing.
Major Trends in Computing
It is True that Technological
Inovations such as Interactive
Television , Vidio Image Compression already
imply a certain degree of mobility in the home, ie. home shopping etc. Using
the mobile data communication technologies discussed, this mobility may be
pushed to extreme.The future of Mobile Computing is very promising indeed,
although technology may go too far, causing detriment to society. In
this article we give an overview of existing cellular networks and describe in
detail the CDPD technology which allows data communications across these
networks. Finally, we look at the applications of Mobile Computing in the real
world.Is mobile computing just the latest fad?This paper is my attempt to
answer these questions. The tension between autonomy and interdependence is intrinsic
to all distibuted systems. In closing,
it is worth speculating on the long-term impact of mobility on distributed
systems This paper describes a mobile learning development and future trends of
education, where mobile devices are used for educational activities. The main
focus of this paper is to find out the problem of the incorporation o f mobile learning into main stream education
,an education an training.
CONCLUSION-
Thus problem of the incorporation of mobile learning
into mainstream education and training has been addressed in this presentation.
The answer to the question ‘Why has mobile learning not moved from project
status to the mainstream?’ has been identified. It is that mobile learning is
not seen as a satisfactory revenue stream by the telecommunications operators. Solutions
have been proposed for this problem. there
are thousands of universities and further and higher education colleges all
over the world. If they can all be convinced to accept mobile learning as their
normal means of communication with all their students on changes of timetable,
submission deadlines, enrolment procedures and other administrative necessities,
a massive mobile learning revenue stream will already be set up the production
of a mobile learning development kit for distribution to
universities and colleges to enable them to introduce mobile learning will set
up another revenue stream.the production of course guides, course summaries,
examination reminders, helps with difficult parts of a course, will set up
another revenue stream., the production of full course modules for PDAs,
handhelds, palmtops, and also for smartphones and eventually for mobile phones,
will set up another revenue stream.and the literature of the field needs to be
developed, books on mobile learning need to be written conferences like this
one need to be organized. The challenge to all of you attending this conference
is to go away from here convinced of the need to establish mobile learning as a
viable and valuable revenue stream for the telecommunications industry.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
References
1. Quinn,C. (2000) mLearning: Mobile, Wireless and In-Your-Pocket
Learning. Line Zine.
2. Shepherd C. (2001) M is for Maybe. Tactix: Training and
communication technology in context. p.5
3 Phifer, Lisa. "Mobile VPN: Closing the Gap", SearchMobileComputing.com,
July 16, 2006.
Mobile voice communication
is widely established throughout the world and has had a very rapid increase in
the number of subscribers to the various cellular networks over the last few
years. An extension of this technology is the ability to send and receive data
across these cellular networks. This is the principle of mobile computing. A
technology that allows transmission of data, via a computer, without having to
be connected to a fixed physical link is Mobile Computing.
Mobile Computing is a variety of wireless devices
that has the mobility to allow people to connect to the internet, providing
wireless transmission to access data and information from where ever location
they may be. Mobile computing has three aspects:
1Mobile communication-- The first aspect
addresses communication issues in ad-hoc and infrastructure networks as well as
communication properties, protocols, data formats and concrete technologies.
2
Mobile hardware - The second aspect is on the hardware, e.g., mobile devices or device
components.
3
Mobile software The third aspect deals with the characteristics and
requirements of mobile applications.
MOBILE DETA COMMUNICATION-
Mobile
data communication has become a very important and rapidly evolving technology
as it allows users to transmit data from remote locations to other remote or
fixed locations. This proves to be the solution to the biggest problem of
business people on the move - mobility. Wireless data connections used in mobile
computing take 3 General forms-- Cellular data
service uses technologies such as
*GSM
*CDM or GORS
*CDM or GORS
*3G Net work (like WCDMA, EDGE or CDMA2000
These networks are usually available
within range of commercial cell towers. Wi-Fi connections offer higher performance, may be either on a private business
network or accessed through public Hotspot,
and have a typical range of 100 feet indoors and up to 1000 feet outdoors. Satellite Connection Access covers
areas where cellular and Wi-Fi are not available and may be set up anywhere the user
has a line of sight to the
satellite's location, The
introduction of mobility in data communications required a move from the Public
Switched Data Network (PSDN) to other networks like the ones used by mobile
phones. PCSI has come up with an idea called CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet
Data) technology which uses the existing mobile network (frequencies used for
mobile telephony).Mobility implemented in data communications has a significant difference compared to voice communications. Mobile phones allow the user to move around and talk at the same time; the loss of the connection for 400ms during the hand over is undetectable by the user. When it comes to data, 400ms is not only detectable but causes huge distortion to the message. Therefore data can be transmitted from a mobile station under the assumption that it remains stable or within the same cell.
EXISTING CELLULAR NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
Mobile telephony took off with the introduction of cellular
technology which allowed the efficient utilisation of frequencies enabling the
connection of a large number of users. During the 1980's analogue technology
was used. Among the most well known systems were the NMT900 and 450 (Nordic
Mobile Telephone) and the AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service). In the 1990's
the digital cellular technology was introduced with GSM (Global System Mobile)
being the most widely accepted system around the world. Other such systems are
the DCS1800 (Digital Communication System) and the PCS1900 (Personal
Communication System).A cellular network consists of mobile units linked
together to switching equipment, which interconnect the different parts of the
network and allow access to the fixed Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN).
The technology is hidden from view; it's incorporated in a number of
tranceivers called Base Stations (BS). Every BS is located at a strategically
selected place and covers a given area or cell - hence the name cellular
communications. A number of adjacent cells grouped together form an area and the corresponding BSs
communicate through a so called Mobile Switching Centre (MSC). The MSC is the
heart of a cellular radio system. It is responsible for routing, or switching, calls from the originator
to the destinator. It can be thought of managing the cell, being responsible
for set-up, routing control and termination of the call, for management of
inter-MSC hand over and supplementary services, and for collecting charging and
accounting information.
DISTANCE EDUCATION AND MOBILE COMPUTING-
According to Quinn ( 2000)‘Mobile learning
is learning through mobile computational devices.’ Shepherd ( 2001) M- learning
is not just electronic , it’s mobile.The evolution in education and training at a distance can be
characterized as a move from d-learning to e-learning to m- learning. These
three stages of development correspond to the influence on society of
the industrial revolution of the 18th to 19th centuries,the electronic
revaluation of the 1980’s and the wirelessrevolution of the last years of 20th
century and now its mole revaluation. E learning is the state of the art in distance
learning at the time of writing.Mobile learning seeks to put in place a new
virtual learning environment for the future which might berepresented thus.
This will be followed by the mid2000’s by the introduction of voice input and
voicerecognition into wireless devices to create a more userfriendly environment
for learners.A first step in postulating a theory of mobile learning is to distinguish what is special about
mobile learning compared to other types of learning activity..
Kynaslahti (2003) identifies three
different elements for mobility and all of these are valuable to teachers and
students while they are teaching and learning –Teachers are able to work
anywhere even if that requires access to the Internet or a connection to others
kind of electronic environment But the definition of mobile learning the focus
should be on mobility. M learning should be restricted to learning on devices
which a lady can carry in her handbag or a gentleman can carry in his pocket.
So It is define mobile learning as “ the provision of education and training on
PDA’s/ palmtops/smart phone and mobile phone.
THE FAILURE OF MOBILE COMPUTING-
When one is discussing the question of the
incorporation of mobile learning into main stream education and training it is
important to realize that these projects were projects. That is, they were research
undertakings to set out the first building blocks of a new sector of education
and training provision. The problem is that wireless applications are being developed
for wireless devices for all walks of life. Learning and training do not seem
to be high on the list of applications that are receiving attention today. Isn’t
it strange that all higher and further education institutions today have
frequent needs for providing information to their students about timetable
changes, assessment deadlines, feedback from tutors and other urgent
administrative details? Nearly all of these students carry a sophisticated
communications device which they use constantly in all walks of life except in
their education or training Programme. The answer to these questions that I
have been posing
about why mobile learning has not moved
from project status into the mainstream is well known. It is that mobile
learning is not seen as a satisfactory revenue stream for the
telecommunications operators. The urgent need for mobile learning is to emerge
from its fragile project status and convince the telecommunications Operators
that it represents a viable and valuable revenue stream.
SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM-
1 A matrix for mainstream provision-
We have posed the problem of the status
and acceptance of mobile learning –we must now look for solutions to the
problem. One can develop a nine-point matrix for the use of mobile learning in
mainstream education and training. One axis is made up of the three types of devices
that make up mobile learning provision:
i PDAs
ii Smartphones
iii Mobile
phones.
The other axis is the types of education provision that can
reasonably be provided by mobile learning:
i Mobile learning academic administration SMSs.
ii Mobile learning academic summaries.
iii Full modules by mobile learning.
This is the presentation of full courses, or full modules of
courses, on mobile devices. This gives the following nine possibilities:
1
Mobile learning for academic administration on PDAs
2. Mobile learning for
academic administration on smartphones
3 Mobile learning for
academic administration on mobile phones
4. Mobile learning
academic summaries for PDAs
5. Mobile learning
academic summaries for smart phones.
6
Mobile learning academic summaries for
mobile phones
7. Full modules by mobile learning for PDAs
8. Full modules by mobile learning for smartphones
9.Full modules by mobile learning for
mobilephones.
2.Criteria for inclusion in the mainstream
There are four criteria for the inclusion
of mobile learning in mainstream education and training. These are:
i. Enrolment of mobile learning students
in courses on the institution’s official prospectus. This is essential for
incorporating mobile learning into the mainstream. If the mobile learning
course is not included in the institution’s prospectus and listed as available
for student enrolment it remains peripheral with the status of a research
project in an isolated university department and cannot be considered as part of
mainstream provision.
ii Enrolment of mobile learning students
into feepaying courses. This is essential for incorporating mobile learning
into the mainstream. This is applicable to countries in which fees are payable for
enrolment in further and higher education courses.
iii.. Enrolment of mobile learning
students into assessed courses.. If the mobile learning course is not assessed
with the same procedures as other courses offered by the institution it remains
peripheral with the status of a research project and cannot be considered as
part of mainstream provision.
iv. Enrolment of mobile learning students
into accredited courses. As happened in the field of distance education and
then in e-learning, the achievement of accreditation for mobile learning is an
indication that the sector has entered into the mainstream.
3. The literature
The development of the literature of
mobile learning has high importance in the move of mobile earning into the
mainstream. Mobile learning will never emerge from its present fragile
project-based status and take its place in mainstream education and training
unless it has a vibrant literature. Deans of Faculties at universities
throughout the world will never accept the introduction of mobile learning into
their courseware unless they can verify the claims of mobile learning by
consulting the research literature. Similar initiatives are necessary for the
literature of mobile learning if it is to convince academics in universities
worldwide that it is a viable form of educational provision.
THE FUTURE OF MOBILE COMPUTING-
With the rapid technological advancements in Artificial
Intelligence, Integrated Circuitry and increases in Computer Processor speeds,
the future of mobile computing looks increasingly exciting With the emphasis increasingly on compact,
small mobile computers, it may also be possible to have all the practicality of
a mobile computer in the size of a hand held organizer or even smaller.
Use
of Artificial Intelligence
may allow mobile units to be the ultimate in personal secretaries, which can
receive emails and paging messages, understand what they are about, and change
the individuals personal schedule according to the message. This can then be
checked by the individual to plan his/her day.The working lifestyle will
change, with the majority of people working from home, rather than commuting.
This may be beneficial to the environment as less transportation will be
utilised. This mobility aspect may be carried further in that, even in social
spheres, people will interact via mobile stations, eliminating the need to
venture outside of the house.This scary concept of a world full of inanimate
zombies sitting, locked to their mobile stations, accessing every sphere of
their lives via the computer screen becomes ever more real as technology,
especially in the field of mobile data communications, rapidly improves and, as
shown below, trends are very much towards ubiquitous or mobile computing.Major Trends in Computing
It is True that Technological
Inovations such as Interactive
Television , Vidio Image Compression already
imply a certain degree of mobility in the home, ie. home shopping etc. Using
the mobile data communication technologies discussed, this mobility may be
pushed to extreme.The future of Mobile Computing is very promising indeed,
although technology may go too far, causing detriment to society. In
this article we give an overview of existing cellular networks and describe in
detail the CDPD technology which allows data communications across these
networks. Finally, we look at the applications of Mobile Computing in the real
world.Is mobile computing just the latest fad?This paper is my attempt to
answer these questions. The tension between autonomy and interdependence is intrinsic
to all distibuted systems. In closing,
it is worth speculating on the long-term impact of mobility on distributed
systems This paper describes a mobile learning development and future trends of
education, where mobile devices are used for educational activities. The main
focus of this paper is to find out the problem of the incorporation o f mobile learning into main stream education
,an education an training.
CONCLUSION-
Thus problem of the incorporation of mobile learning
into mainstream education and training has been addressed in this presentation.
The answer to the question ‘Why has mobile learning not moved from project
status to the mainstream?’ has been identified. It is that mobile learning is
not seen as a satisfactory revenue stream by the telecommunications operators. Solutions
have been proposed for this problem. there
are thousands of universities and further and higher education colleges all
over the world. If they can all be convinced to accept mobile learning as their
normal means of communication with all their students on changes of timetable,
submission deadlines, enrolment procedures and other administrative necessities,
a massive mobile learning revenue stream will already be set up the production
of a mobile learning development kit for distribution to
universities and colleges to enable them to introduce mobile learning will set
up another revenue stream.the production of course guides, course summaries,
examination reminders, helps with difficult parts of a course, will set up
another revenue stream., the production of full course modules for PDAs,
handhelds, palmtops, and also for smartphones and eventually for mobile phones,
will set up another revenue stream.and the literature of the field needs to be
developed, books on mobile learning need to be written conferences like this
one need to be organized. The challenge to all of you attending this conference
is to go away from here convinced of the need to establish mobile learning as a
viable and valuable revenue stream for the telecommunications industry.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
References
1. Quinn,C. (2000) mLearning: Mobile, Wireless and In-Your-Pocket
Learning. Line Zine.
2. Shepherd C. (2001) M is for Maybe. Tactix: Training and
communication technology in context. p.5
