Treatment of gender in economic theory

TREATMENT OF GENDER IN ECONOMIC THEORY –2.

The concept of gender as distinct from the biological fact of sex includes a complex of sociological, cultural and psychological association with it norms are different for man and woman in a different, societies, but generally women is having inferior status in all. Sis natural but gender refers socialization of individuals in a particular society.
Economic theory has two main streams, neo-classical and Marxist. The neo-classical paradigm takes certain philosophical position, viz: the impersonal working of the market in a capitalist system brings efficient allocation of resources. The individual as a consumer or producer behaves rationally to maximize utility or profits. The different individuals places differently in the society, so there behavior do not confirm rationality assumption. Individuals in subsistence level of income find that their work and consumption do not maximize personal utility but increase the survival chances of whole family. Similarly in a society, which is in a transitory period, money is lent not to earn interest but to help a member of the society. The institutional identities of economic man do not consider gender.
Also it is noted by Illich, Ivan (1982) in their book Gender, that the loss of gender in an integral part of the history of scarcity and of the institutions that structure it. Drawing more and more positivism and neo-positivism, neo-classical economic acquired greater sophistication in methodology. Gender become a non-data and was completely out of the formalist’s tradition of non-Marxist. In the Marxist’s analysis, position of women is always bee seen as the out come of capitalism and sub-summed under analysis of class relations is not given and autonomous analytical position. Capitalist commodity relations assumes primary among social relations. The Marxist feminists tried to develop an integrated analysis, in which class and gender formation are looked at simultaneously. Gender relations form an important part of total social relations though the dominant theory does not regard gender as an analytical category; there has proliferation of studies on women during last twenty-thirty years. Historically almost all the societies passed through different stages of economic development. In the initial stage home-based activities were dominant. Women were giving full support to these activities in order to raised standard of living. With the industrialization, new economic activities became important’ women engaged fully in family responsibilities, were unable to acquire needed training or going out for continuous long hours of woks. Social attributes prevented her and socialization of female child made easy to keep her in home-doing house hold activities through out the whole day and looking after children and old age people. Thus, history and social tradition could keep her out of the modern economic activities, but economics could not help her because of the limit drawn by the definition of “economic activities”. Therefore, women participates in two third of the world work, but earn only one tenth of its income and own less than one hundredth of its property.
Now concept of economic development has given new under standing of economic development, which focused on over-all well being of the people of a country and world as a whole. Importance of human resources was felt and economics of education, health, and family planning got recognition all over the world and they concern female members of the society equal to male. New branch of “household economics” sensitivised female subordination in household activities.
Simultaneously in other branches of knowledge concern for women’s position got attention. It is felt that economics should try to develop new concepts and methodology to encompass the work of women in the family and society. Any study of historical evaluation of the society, its politics and social transformation, keeping women’s equality in perception, also needs logical support from economics. While providing this support for women, economics its-self is becoming more acceptable and human in approach. But in practical word lesions of history stress the need of equality in economics fields, equality in law is meaningless without economic and social equality. Thinkers have sensitivised this issue and academicians tried to catch-up it in their own disciplines. Still very few studies dealing with the economic problems of women. Some international studies are dealing with it. But it is still a far cry to recognize her work in true sense of the term. The success of all programmers aiming as to allow women to play her proper roll in economic development would depend on her involvement in the process of development. Economists consider the nature of women’s work in two different types:
· Income producing work
· Income saving work.
Their income-generating roll may be of wage work or self-employment type. In un-organized informal sector wage discrimination seems as a common practice. Mostly they work in low paid jobs without any security measure in time of uncertainty. Their work in organized formal sector cerates heavy pressures on their house hold responsibilities, conditions of workingwomen are well discussed in economics, wage differentiation because of segregated labors market is also examined. In their work as income saver, their work on family farm, home based economic activities or in house keeping. Only paid works are accounted and women’s work because of un-paid nature remain out-side the accounting of income. Their work is of immense important for balanced brought up of the family, but it I not considered worth from the pure economic calculations. The cultural value is so strong that most of the man and women do not find this discrimination as a wrong practices. But in the second half of twentieth century, economists’ theoreticians as well as activists are challenging this type of practices and attitudes. Though the discrimination arising out of force could not be eliminated, wiser th inking has been theoretically preached and pledged to be practiced almost every-were in the legal and constitutional system of the countries.


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TREATMENT OF GENDER IN ECONOMIC THORY

TREATMENT OF GENDER IN ECONOMIC THEORY-2

TREATMENT OF GENDER IN ECONOMIC THEORY-2

TREATMENT OF GENDER IN ECONOMIC THEORY

The concept of gender as distinct from the biological fact of sex includes a complex of sociological, cultural and psychological association with it norms are different for man and woman in a different, societies, but generally women is having inferior status in all. Sis natural but gender refers socialization of individuals in a particular society.
Economic theory has two main streams, neo-classical and Marxist. The neo-classical paradigm takes certain philosophical position, viz: the impersonal working of the market in a capitalist system brings efficient allocation of resources. The individual as a consumer or producer behaves rationally to maximize utility or profits. The different individuals places differently in the society, so there behavior do not confirm rationality assumption. Individuals in subsistence level of income find that their work and consumption do not maximize personal utility but increase the survival chances of whole family. Similarly in a society, which is in a transitory period, money is lent not to earn interest but to help a member of the society. The institutional identities of economic man do not consider gender.
Also it is noted by Illich, Ivan (1982) in their book Gender, that the loss of gender in an integral part of the history of scarcity and of the institutions that structure it. Drawing more and more positivism and neo-positivism, neo-classical economic acquired greater sophistication in methodology. Gender become a non-data and was completely out of the formalist’s tradition of non-Marxist. In the Marxist’s analysis, position of women is always bee seen as the out come of capitalism and sub-summed under analysis of class relations is not given and autonomous analytical position. Capitalist commodity relations assumes primary among social relations. The Marxist feminists tried to develop an integrated analysis, in which class and gender formation are looked at simultaneously. Gender relations form an important part of total social relations.

Gender inequality !!!! in Liberalized India.......

Socio - economic impact of gender in-equalityFemale embryo abolishing in India

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India is a country dominated by males. The birth of a male child is well come occasion in every family, whereas the birth of female child is not like that. The culture of abortion of a female embryo is not related with any religion, any caste, any education, any gender or any rural or urban areas. But as it has taken a serious form, the sociologists, economists, psychologists, have become aware. They have begun to realize its effects. The govt. of India , too, has considered this situation seriously. There are some important factors behind it. For example
· For religious purpose of getting salvation
· For after- death ceremony
· For old -age safety
· For the expansion of the generation.
Most of these are because of the male dominating culture. The social and economic impacts related with the social importance of female is not like male in our patriarchic society, such as--
· Inferiority in female
· Low wage rates to female members
· Reservation demand for the females
· Increase in the causes of rapes and elopements.
Now, if the rate of female embryo abortion will continue to go up, there will be a great social effect such as----
· Moral level of society will go lower
· The matrimonial stability will be in danger
· The males will grow absurd
· The economic budget of the family will be affected.
This is why the educational, social, religious and self organized institutions have began to organize seminars, documentary- shows, research projects, relies, poster-competitions, elocution competitions, and mothers sanman samarohas. So, this is the urgent need of the day to stop this socio- system. What we need today is -----
· To educate the females
· To give the training to the females
· To develop the female
· To prepare to face the critical situations
In short, it is necessary to bring to the notice of all – that birth of a male or a female child is a scientific truth. No single sex is responsible for it. When this will be realized , this problem will stop to remain a problem.

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A woman...who Nurtures the family...... she needs the concner....

One of my favourite article, i share on Women's day......

Women Symbolyze love......even then she imprison with emotional bonds...

The woman in your life...very well expressed...

Tomorrow you may get a working woman, but you should marry her with these facts as well.

Here is a girl, who is as much educated as you are; Who is earning almost as much as you do;

• One, who has dreams and aspirations just as you have because she is as human as you are;
• One, who has never entered the kitchen in her life just like you or your Sister haven't, as she was busy in studies and competing in a system that gives no special concession to girls for their culinary achievements
• One, who has lived and loved her parents & brothers & sisters, almost as much as you do for 20-25 years of her life;
• One, who has bravely agreed to leave behind all that, her home, people who love her, to adopt your home, your family, your ways and even your family ,name
• One, who is somehow expected to be a master-chef from day #1, while you sleep oblivious to her predicament in her new circumstances, environment and that kitchen
• One, who is expected to make the tea, first thing in the morning and cook food at the end of the day, even if she is as tired as you are, maybe more, and yet never ever expected to complain; to be a servant, a cook, a mother, a wife, even if she doesn't want to; and is learning just like you are as to what you want from her; and is clumsy and sloppy at times and knows that you won't like it if she is too demanding, or if she learns faster than you;
• One, who has her own set of friends, and that includes boys and even men at her workplace too, those, who she knows from school days and yet is willing to put all that on the back-burners to avoid your irrational jealousy, unnecessary competition and your inherent insecurities;
  One, who can be late from work once in a while When deadlines, just like yours, are to be met;
• One, who is doing her level best and wants to make this most important, relationship in her entire life a grand success, if you just help her some and trust her;
• One, who just wants one thing from you, as you are the only one she knows in your entire house - your unstinted support, your sensitivities and most importantly - your understanding, or love, if you may call it.

But not many guys understand this......

Learn to appreciate "HER"

........at the onset of women's day

GENDER IN TECHNOLOGICAL ECONOMY
By:- Dr. Pravina Pandya

........at the onset of women's day

Gender is a categorization based on Sex that places people in to two groups, - Male and Female. These two groups are often biologically, Sociologically, psychologically and physiologically influenced. Gender is based on Four aspects, like:- Assignment, Role, Identity and Attribution. The patriarchal structure has molded the life of women and man in society, thus giving them different roles and identity. Gender and economic development evolved form the women in development approach, which stated in the 1970es. After a study by ESTHAR BOSERUP (1970) women’s role in economic development which high lighted that DIVISION OF LABOUR IN ALL SOCIETYIES VARIWES BETWEEN GROUPS AND SOCIAL CLASSES, economic changes affect differently on women and man, and that third world women are key contributors to the development. There was a lot of concern by UN agencies and governments on how to include women in development. Up to 1985, the approach was women in development which views women as a problem due to exclusion, thus focused on women in development which was radical a liberal approach was introduced to look at man and women as partners in development process. There was a number of industries as well as some work-shops breweries dominated both the position of job creation, quality of the final products and the contribution to treasury. Also it covers the field of agri-industries, most of service sectors and industrial sectors. Reforms were begun and process of implementation in order to allow the country to erase the obstacles that slow downs the growth path. So new technology introduce in all sectors. This mechanism of technology applied THREE steps like, Activities, Occupations and New Innovations. To explain the process by which all these steps become GENDER.