Friday, January 15, 2010
RURAL GUJARAT
Development is biased in favour of areas having proximity to the urban corridors, which also attract the largest magnitude of investment flows. The remote hilly areas in the east and to the south have witnessed little growth of per capita income or employment matching the growing workforce. Regional imbalances are glaring and growing. The development gains have trickled down unevenly among rural and urban areas, developed and backward pockets and among scheduled and non scheduled sections of population. Some aspects of the phenomena of social retrogression are quite visible as can be seen from the discrepancies in some key demographic variables. Education and health care facilities face problems of delivery and access The selective path of development being followed is bound to pose major impediments for the overall growth of the economy, so far as distributive justice is concerned. Under these circumstances, the optimal use of resources for realizing full potential of the economy requires a careful analysis of the economic structure in the long run perspective. The present paper highlights the need to usher in a development process that is equitable, sustainable, participative, stable and efficient- in divergence to the selective growth paradigm that has become the hallmark of the state’s development so far Other forms of inequalities are manifest in the state. The development path followed by the state so far has led to reversal of the equalization process. The coefficient of variation in the incidence of rural poverty in 1993-94 between the geographical sub regions of Gujarat was 0.225; for urban poverty it was 0.157. The coefficient rose in 1999-00 to 0.258 (rural) and 0.245 (urban)
WOMEN” IN AGRICULTURE IN 21st CETURY
Scientific breakthroughs and technological innovations in the 20th century fueled substantial gains in agricultural productivity in many developed and developing countries. In each country, the successful local development of technologies or the transfer and adaptation of innovations from other countries will depend on incentives and barriers faced by investors and producers. Countries with strong research, health, and education capacity will offer a supportive environment for technology investment science and technology can play a critical role in helping to prevent famine, improve nutrition, and move countries closer toward a goal of ending world hunger. Education is important at all levels to support the development and transfer of science and technology.in research, there is a need for trained individuals to develop and implement regulations that affect technology use. Qualified people are also needed to represent their country’s interests in international negotiations. Decision-makers need the expertise to understand the positive and negative implications of their actions within the complex human and ecological environment
In extension activities the women is now the centre point and activities are being planned keeping her in view. Her enlightenment will change the face of rural India. Several programmes started at the National Centre for Women in Agriculture and Krishi Vigyan Kendras, are the right steps in this direction. This paper consider some important study and project and focus them perfectly.
Self help groups were made and took up income generating steps in home made products, dairy products, bakery products, tailoring/embroidery, goat/buffalo rearing and vermicomposting Innovative marketing outlets developed for Self help groups. Five components of AICRP on Home Science moved towards empowerment of rural women. There main achievements were Mobilization of self help groups and creation of learning environment Strengthening empowerment process Empowerment gains for women were assessed Cafeteria for women in agriculture was developed and offered to states to guide the development of new programmes for women in agriculture DARE/ICAR ANNUAL REPORT 2003–2004 174 harvest activities and livestock management were assessed. Under the project Identification and evaluation of interactive learning modules for dissemination of homestead technologies ergonomic assessment was carried out on the traditional and improved method of paddy parboiling procedures. During paddy parboiling using improved technology (paddy par boiling unit) the heart beat rate and energy expenditure were significantly reduced and the out put also increased from 35 kg per batch to 75kg per batch. The time duration of carrying out this activity also reduced from 2 days to 6 hours. Considering the significant utility of paddy parboiling unit, an interactive learning module is being developed on paddy parboiling unit, which will be useful for trainers in disseminating the technology. The project on Improvement in storage practices of seeds and grains of important crops with women perspective highlighted that begunia leaf (Vitex negundo) treatment of mung seeds is effective.
The research project of the National Research Centre for Women in Agriculture (NRCWA)
The conducted project has been functioning at Bhubaneshwar, Orissa, for developing methodologies, for identification of gender implications in farming systems approach and to develop women specific technologies under different production systems. There are 16 ongoing research projects in the areas of gender study on agriculture and household economy, management of coastal agro-eco system, extension methods for farm women, standardization of women specific field practices, occupational health hazards, reducing drudgery of women in agricultural operations, improvement of farming system suited to farm women, eco-friendly pest management technologies for vegetables among farm women, evaluation of interactive learning modules, technological needs in empowering women in rural aquaculture, and improvement in storage practices of seeds and grains. Under project on Development and testing of extension methods for farmwomen in eastern India, the extent of participation of farm women in different farming systems and farm enterprises and the role of change agents in that context, were studied. Contrary to the situation at coastal tract the male extension agents maintained higher contacts with farmwomen than the lady extension agent. The studies under Identification and improvement of farming systems suited to farmwomen in Eastern India project revealed that there is intense involvement of farmwomen in vegetable cultivation necessitating to take follow up supportive activities and interventions in the area of vermin composting, natural plant pesticides, biological control and IPM. Under the project Standardization of women specific field practices in rice in Orissa data were collected from women heads of 50 farm families on participation of women in relation to varying operations in rice cultivation. Women of family contributed highest hours per season (61.66) in harvesting and post harvesting operations and participated lowest in land preparation. Same pattern was observed from the paid women and total women (family + paid labor). Under project on Occupational health hazards of farm women in coastal Orissa the health hazards faced by women in household activities, farm activities, post Women in Agriculture The women is the backbone of agricultural workforce but worldwide her hard work has mostly been unpaid. She does the most tedious and back-breaking tasks in agriculture, animal husbandry and homes. The research efforts at the ICAR institutes have been tried to relieve her of the drudgery by providing time and labor saving tools. Vocational trainings are also being conducted, to impart skills to undertake different avocations. In extension activities the women is now the centre point and activities are being planned keeping her in view. Her enlightenment will change the face of rural India. Several programmes started at the National Centre for Women in Agriculture and Krishi Vigyan Kendras, are the right steps in this direction.
In extension activities the women is now the centre point and activities are being planned keeping her in view. Her enlightenment will change the face of rural India. Several programmes started at the National Centre for Women in Agriculture and Krishi Vigyan Kendras, are the right steps in this direction. This paper consider some important study and project and focus them perfectly.
Self help groups were made and took up income generating steps in home made products, dairy products, bakery products, tailoring/embroidery, goat/buffalo rearing and vermicomposting Innovative marketing outlets developed for Self help groups. Five components of AICRP on Home Science moved towards empowerment of rural women. There main achievements were Mobilization of self help groups and creation of learning environment Strengthening empowerment process Empowerment gains for women were assessed Cafeteria for women in agriculture was developed and offered to states to guide the development of new programmes for women in agriculture DARE/ICAR ANNUAL REPORT 2003–2004 174 harvest activities and livestock management were assessed. Under the project Identification and evaluation of interactive learning modules for dissemination of homestead technologies ergonomic assessment was carried out on the traditional and improved method of paddy parboiling procedures. During paddy parboiling using improved technology (paddy par boiling unit) the heart beat rate and energy expenditure were significantly reduced and the out put also increased from 35 kg per batch to 75kg per batch. The time duration of carrying out this activity also reduced from 2 days to 6 hours. Considering the significant utility of paddy parboiling unit, an interactive learning module is being developed on paddy parboiling unit, which will be useful for trainers in disseminating the technology. The project on Improvement in storage practices of seeds and grains of important crops with women perspective highlighted that begunia leaf (Vitex negundo) treatment of mung seeds is effective.
The research project of the National Research Centre for Women in Agriculture (NRCWA)
The conducted project has been functioning at Bhubaneshwar, Orissa, for developing methodologies, for identification of gender implications in farming systems approach and to develop women specific technologies under different production systems. There are 16 ongoing research projects in the areas of gender study on agriculture and household economy, management of coastal agro-eco system, extension methods for farm women, standardization of women specific field practices, occupational health hazards, reducing drudgery of women in agricultural operations, improvement of farming system suited to farm women, eco-friendly pest management technologies for vegetables among farm women, evaluation of interactive learning modules, technological needs in empowering women in rural aquaculture, and improvement in storage practices of seeds and grains. Under project on Development and testing of extension methods for farmwomen in eastern India, the extent of participation of farm women in different farming systems and farm enterprises and the role of change agents in that context, were studied. Contrary to the situation at coastal tract the male extension agents maintained higher contacts with farmwomen than the lady extension agent. The studies under Identification and improvement of farming systems suited to farmwomen in Eastern India project revealed that there is intense involvement of farmwomen in vegetable cultivation necessitating to take follow up supportive activities and interventions in the area of vermin composting, natural plant pesticides, biological control and IPM. Under the project Standardization of women specific field practices in rice in Orissa data were collected from women heads of 50 farm families on participation of women in relation to varying operations in rice cultivation. Women of family contributed highest hours per season (61.66) in harvesting and post harvesting operations and participated lowest in land preparation. Same pattern was observed from the paid women and total women (family + paid labor). Under project on Occupational health hazards of farm women in coastal Orissa the health hazards faced by women in household activities, farm activities, post Women in Agriculture The women is the backbone of agricultural workforce but worldwide her hard work has mostly been unpaid. She does the most tedious and back-breaking tasks in agriculture, animal husbandry and homes. The research efforts at the ICAR institutes have been tried to relieve her of the drudgery by providing time and labor saving tools. Vocational trainings are also being conducted, to impart skills to undertake different avocations. In extension activities the women is now the centre point and activities are being planned keeping her in view. Her enlightenment will change the face of rural India. Several programmes started at the National Centre for Women in Agriculture and Krishi Vigyan Kendras, are the right steps in this direction.
ECONOMIC SECURITY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Since 1990, the Human Development Index has revolutionized discussions about human development. However, it suffers from two deficiencies, which can now be mitigated: geographic incompleteness and insufficiently “on-target” representation of economy, knowledge, and “a long and healthy life” at the level of the individual. This report summarizes attempts to rectify those deficiencies. In addition, steady advances in attempts to characterize different aspects of the human condition have resulted in indicators, covering varying numbers of countries, on a wide variety of subjects. If one were challenged to create an index on the condition of people-centric Human Security, such as the authors of the Human Development Index faced in 1990 and expanded qualitatively in 1994, one could now begin to do so – at least for the sake of discussion and resultant improvements. A prototype Human Security Index is presented and initially assessed here. This paper extends a paper (Hastings, 2008A) with additional data, and is designed to complement the Hastings (2008B) on geographically extending the Human Development Index. Initial findings are consistent with those of some sustainability and governance indicators – that stereotypical material development needs to be harmonized by good governance aimed at peacefulness, fair circumstances to all people, long-term environmental sustainability. The data show that most countries are characterized (in the draft indices) by one or more relative strengths, and also one or more weaknesses, which might help them to focus on areas for improvements. Indeed, no country ranks above .800 (on a 0-1.000 scale asin the Human Development Index) in all components. Another initial result of this work is a form of documentation that GDP-“developed” economies are not necessarily highly developed highly developed societies, in terms of equitability, social fabric, or human security. These societal characteristics are arguably more important to contentment-happiness-satisfaction than raw GDP per capita. Where the Human Development Reports of United Nations Development Programme pushed the envelope significantly from GDP per capita to include health and education, the equitability and social fabric documentation now beginning can push the envelope even farther So the question arises. to characterize human security and societal development, and perhaps rectify challenges faced by societies in such dimensions of life
Is security a feeling or a verifiable condition that is independent of emotion? Actually, it is both — a dichotomy contained in the very definition of the word. My dictionary lists “freedom from danger” as a definition of security, but it also lists “freedom from fear or anxiety.” In the end, security involves achieving the former as a means of enabling the latter. Attempts to define economic security differ from similar efforts in other security sectors. The meaning of economic security and securitization is becoming especially complex in finance. Different meaning of the term economic security theory is given in the different way.
ECONOMIC SECURITY & GLOBALIZATION
The recent vicissitudes of societies in an increasingly integrated global economy have spurred renewed interest in economic security and forced its redefinition. This revised definition in turn has encouraged a search for policy prescriptions that will increase economic security in the new environment. Globalization, after undermining the old definition of economic security, is found at the center of a new definition that emphasizes the risks of unexpected shocks and economic volatility. The new definition must capture the causal consequences of globalization accurately and establish explicit benchmarks for assessing globalization’s effects on economic security. The design of national, regional, and global institutions can then be evaluated in light of three available instruments for enhancing economic security: insurance, credibility, and adaptation. Economic security is not a new concern of governments. Economic instruments have long been part of the toolkit of statecraft, a means to influence other states and their policies (Hirschman, 1980; Baldwin, 1985). Economic security in this traditional view was security from manipulation by other governments that wielded these instruments. Insecurity was vulnerability to other states. Economic interdependence was viewed with wariness, particularly among developing countries, because it risked an increase in such vulnerability. Industrialized countries gradually overcame their anxieties over economic vulnerability after 1945
Economic security has preoccupied national governments, in Asia and elsewhere, when economic shocks have been so unexpected and severe that existing social and political arrangements appear threatened. Contemporary globalization – economic integration at the global level that is no longer limited to the industrialized countries – accelerated during the 1980s, as programs of economic liberalization spread throughout the developing world. A sharp increase in capital flows to developing countries in the early 1990s reinforced positive views of globalization. That sunny perspective did not last the decade, however, as successive financial crises affected administration that appeared little interested in collaboration to mitigate the effects of globalization on smaller, more open economies.
Of course, economic security is in many ways related to other aspects of human
security, particularly food security and political security. A steady income allows people to acquire the food they need to survive. Rising food prices require people to allocate a greater share of their income for food supply. And political insecurity may interfere with economic activity in general, making it harder for people to earn their living. In order to allow for a focused discussion, this panel shall not deal with questions of food security and political security, which are being discussed at a different venue. Economic security can either be achieved through income from work, or by a publicly financed social safety net. The UN definition makes a hierarchical distinction between the
two potential sources of income, with a clear preference for productive and remunerative work. Consequently, in the 1994 report by the UNDP, concerns about unemployment are seen as the most pressing ones. The international community has, for a long time, been involved in a discussion on how to stimulate economic growth, and thus the supply of jobs in developing countries. A major part of Official Development Assistance (ODA) is directed towards enhancing the economic functioning of developing countries. A different question, which is discussed less often, is the provision of a social safety net: while almost all developed countries feature some kind of a social welfare state, people in developing countries are often at the mercy of threats to economic security.
ECONOMIC SECURITY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT.
“Economic security requires an assured basic income – usually
from productive and remunerative work, or in the last resor from some publicly financed safety net.” (UNDP 1994, p. 25) This was the definition of economic security as provided by the UN in their 1994 Report on Human Development. Economic security can either be achieved through income from work, or by a publicly financed social safety net. The UN definition makes a hierarchical distinction between the two potential sources of income, with a clear preference for productive and remunerative work. Consequently, in the 1994 report by the UNDP, concerns about unemployment are seen as the most pressing ones. The international community has, for a long time, been involved in a discussion on how to stimulate economic growth, and thus the supply of jobs in developing countries.
The provision of economic security-- The international community-
One fundamental question in the field of human security is “who should provide it?” The1994 UNDP report is very unclear about this. It states that individuals have the main burden of mastering their lives. At the same time, the report calls for solidarity and cooperation in order to achieve the goals it sets. How should the burden be shared among the different actors? As stated, the creation of social insurance in the developed world was essentially a national process. Should the international community thus stand on the sidelines while developing countries develop their social welfare systems?
In fact, the international community is already strongly engaged in the provision of economic security. The Millennium Development Goal No. 1 calls for the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger by 2015. In particular, the number of people living on less than 1US$ per day should be halved. However, most of the activity towards achieving this MDG has been focused towards food security (which is not our focus here) and to improve agricultural exploitation in developing countries. For poor urban populations, which are mostly salarydependent,
not many initiatives have been forthcoming. These parts of the population would
however profit most from social insurance institutions related to unemployment, accident, family policy and others. The potential gains in terms of economic security are significant. Thus, there is a clear need for action from the international community to work towards better social safety nets for the urban proletariat in developing countries.
Problems for the provision of Economic Security in country like INDIA
Developing countries are confronted with big challenges when moving towards the provision of Economic Security nets. The problems are manifold:-----
Developing countries national budgets are often strongly overstretched. Tax
collection is weak. Other issues, such as conflict relief and warfare, often take up a
larger share of the national budget. No money is left for government-provided social
insurance. However, donor governments sometimes provide budgetary help to
assistance-receiving countries, which could be earmarked towards the construction
of a social safety net.
In developing countries economies like India, the informal sector is often bigger than the formal one. Individuals employed in the informal part of the economy enjoy even less protection in terms of social insurance than their counterparts in the formal sector. These jobs thus need to be brought into the formal sector, in order to give them appropriate social security. On the other hand, the wage-related costs of social insurance are often cited as one of the reasons why the informal sector is so large in
the first place. Can this vicious circle somehow be broken?
Globalization has sometimes been described as a ‘race to the bottom’. Open borders and the mobility of capital have forced countries to lower their social and
environmental standards in order to attract investment and maintain their productive sector. Therefore, countries cannot impose costly social insurance schemes on their economy, since the companies would leave for a ‘cheaper’ place to establish themselves. But is there really a ‘race to the bottom’, and does it really impede the provision of economic security?
What is the role of private actors? Historically, in the developed countries, trade unions and religious groups have played a crucial role in the establishment of economical policy. Can such groups play a similar role in developing countries? If so, which stance should the international community take towards these actors?
Institutions and the provision of economic security under conditions of globalization Globalization has produced new definitions of economic security centered on two types of unwanted transmissions across national borders: illicit flows that are more difficult to control and easier to disguise as legitimate economic transactions increase (terrorism, crime, pollution); and economic (largely financial) shocks that can undermine economic growth, increase inequality, and threaten political stability. Countering the first type of transmission involves identification, monitoring, and control at the national level, coupled with collaboration at the regional and global levels. Illicit flows often embody security threats independent of their effects on economic security. Economic security is reduced when countermeasures taken against these threats impose costs on legitimate economic exchange and reduce the levels of legitimate trade and investment. More difficult to calculate and manage are the costs and risks associated with fluctuations in usually benign cross-border flows of goods, capital, and labor. It is this second dimension of economic insecurity that has drawn the most attention from policymakers. Institutions can offset the economic insecurity associated with globalization in three ways: providing insurance, adding to policy credibility, and encouraging adaptation. In the past, Asian governments managed their links to the international economy through institutions with high credibility: adopting a strategy Economic security redefined: the (perceived) perils of globalization If globalization contributed to the erosion of an older definition of economic security, it also fostered a redefined concern over economic threats to national wellbeing. Recurrent financial crises during the 1990s struck emerging markets in Asia and elsewhere with particular force, to the surprise of both national elites and many financial market observers. These powerful shocks reinforced a more pessimistic view of a globalized world: economic openness might produce more economic insecurity. Renewed attention to the negative effects of globalization was reinforced by additional economic shocks that flowed from the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 and the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) epidemic of 2003. The new century had dawned, it seemed, on an international landscape of diminished economic opportunity and heightened threat. This swing from exaggerated optimism over the benefits of globalization to a more pessimistic assessment of insecurity in a globalized world was to be expected. Renewed economic insecurity, however, was not centered primarily on the threat of economic manipulation by rival states, as older anxieties had been. Instead, the new assessment linked globalization to economic security in two ways. Both emphasize the importance of nonstate actors and the new economic environment that they have created and exploited. Rather than concentrating solely
on the vulnerability of states, both stress the vulnerability of individuals, groups, and societies as well as the internal political consequences of that vulnerability.Rather than external manipulation by other states, the undermining of state authority by nonstate networks and economic shocks is central
.THE INDIAN ECONOMIC SECURITY-
The Indian economy is steadily growing at an incredible pace with no major domestic or external imbalances apparent. But is it secure? The answer is not obvious, since economic security is a complex dynamic concept. In today’s globalised world, it is best defined by the state’s ability to meet, on a sustained basis, the material aspirations of its citizens. This depends to a considerable extent on the state’s institutional capacity to cushion its people from domestic and global threats.
Seen thus, the country’s economic security is related to every aspect of production, distribution and consumption of goods and services. Thus, the agenda for economic security includes almost every aspect of government and business policy. But in order to determine how secure the Indian economy is, I have narrowed the definition, in a paper I am preparing for the new CII Council on Economic Security, to three concepts: resources security, institutional security and strategic security.
Resources Security: this encompasses two broad areas of natural resource security that includes efficient and sustainable access to water, energy and other natural resources; and human resource security that requires a workforce with adequate skills to ensure global competitiveness. India does not measure up too well on these counts. In spite of a large endowment of arable land, it has low agricultural productivity—and it grew at a mere 7% annually over 1995 to 2004—in comparison with other large emerging economies. The underlying reasons are poor rural infrastructure, neglect of the food-processing sector and policy inadequacies in the organised retail sector that make it difficult to optimise supply chains for agriculture products. India has the lowest renewable water resources among major global economies. Industrial and urban demand for water is fortunately low by international norms, but demand might increase hugely, “crowding out” water for agriculture. Separately, India needs to prepare a plan for sustainable energy security, given its heavy dependence on imported oil & gas. India also loses about a quarter of the electricity it generates to transmission and distribution losses. Like China, India is well placed in terms of human resource endowment. India can compete with other developing countries in labour intensive sectors and with OECD economies in knowledge intensive sectors. But larger social investment is essential to sustain this edge. About 340 million Indians below 15 years of age will require education, health and nutrition. But India is clearly lagging behind the rest of the world in human. The basic concept of economic security is not new in India. Traditionally, a sort of moral economy existed to provide security to older destitute and other vulnerable groups in society. However, gradually, traditional support systems are disappearing, and state-based economic security systems have come into existence. Under standardized economic security policies, government is covering retirement benefits for those in the organized sector; economic security benefits for those in the unorganized sector; and old-age pension for rural elderly. These are contributory as well as non-contributory programs. Besides life insurance approaches, savings-linked insurance and Annapurna (food security) are other important programs. However, in terms of coverage, program quality and effectiveness have been largely criticized by social security experts, suggesting immediate reforms to old-age programs.
Economic Development: Review of last year’s presentation
•Growth trajectory lifted to 6% during1980s & 1990s from 3% over 1960s &1970s
•TFP & labour productivity in the 1990s higher than the average of the 1980s, but agriculture lagged in the 1990s and inter-state inequalities worsened
Economic Developments under Manmohan Singh Govt.
•Indian economy has moved to a higher growth trajectory? : 8%+ growth
•Saving & investment ratio has hit an all time high of 30%+
•Foreign investment (FDI+ FII) =US$18bn p.a.; strengthened IPR protection will raise FDI
•Profit growth has been around 30% p.a.
•Remittances exceeding US$20bn. p.a.
•Stock market index has more than doubled
•Completion of infrastructure projects more rapid
•Turnaround in Indian Railways
ECONOMIC GROWTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
The HD-GNP cycle.proportion of GNP spent by the various levels across countries in each of these ratios, which of government; the HD-allocation ratio, means that the same level of GNP may be denned as the proportion of total government associated with very deferent levels of government spending on HD priorities. 18 expenditure going to the HD-sectors; and, ,the HD priority ratio, denned as the The underlying determinants of these three proportion of total HD-sector expenditure ratios are complex, but include the following:
© going to ``priority areas.'' Within the HD-sec-the tax capacity of the system;
© the strength torso, some expenditures are clearly much more of the demand for military expenditure and for productive in terms of achieving advances inother non-HD priorities of the government;
©HD than others; for example, basic education, the varying interplay between bureaucratic especially at an early stage of development, is forces, vested interests and popular pressures. It generally recognized to have a larger impact on should be noted that all three ratios are ejected especially at an early stage of development, is forces, vested interests and popular pressures. It generally recognized to have a larger impact onShould be noted that all three ratios are ejected
Is security a feeling or a verifiable condition that is independent of emotion? Actually, it is both — a dichotomy contained in the very definition of the word. My dictionary lists “freedom from danger” as a definition of security, but it also lists “freedom from fear or anxiety.” In the end, security involves achieving the former as a means of enabling the latter. Attempts to define economic security differ from similar efforts in other security sectors. The meaning of economic security and securitization is becoming especially complex in finance. Different meaning of the term economic security theory is given in the different way.
ECONOMIC SECURITY & GLOBALIZATION
The recent vicissitudes of societies in an increasingly integrated global economy have spurred renewed interest in economic security and forced its redefinition. This revised definition in turn has encouraged a search for policy prescriptions that will increase economic security in the new environment. Globalization, after undermining the old definition of economic security, is found at the center of a new definition that emphasizes the risks of unexpected shocks and economic volatility. The new definition must capture the causal consequences of globalization accurately and establish explicit benchmarks for assessing globalization’s effects on economic security. The design of national, regional, and global institutions can then be evaluated in light of three available instruments for enhancing economic security: insurance, credibility, and adaptation. Economic security is not a new concern of governments. Economic instruments have long been part of the toolkit of statecraft, a means to influence other states and their policies (Hirschman, 1980; Baldwin, 1985). Economic security in this traditional view was security from manipulation by other governments that wielded these instruments. Insecurity was vulnerability to other states. Economic interdependence was viewed with wariness, particularly among developing countries, because it risked an increase in such vulnerability. Industrialized countries gradually overcame their anxieties over economic vulnerability after 1945
Economic security has preoccupied national governments, in Asia and elsewhere, when economic shocks have been so unexpected and severe that existing social and political arrangements appear threatened. Contemporary globalization – economic integration at the global level that is no longer limited to the industrialized countries – accelerated during the 1980s, as programs of economic liberalization spread throughout the developing world. A sharp increase in capital flows to developing countries in the early 1990s reinforced positive views of globalization. That sunny perspective did not last the decade, however, as successive financial crises affected administration that appeared little interested in collaboration to mitigate the effects of globalization on smaller, more open economies.
Of course, economic security is in many ways related to other aspects of human
security, particularly food security and political security. A steady income allows people to acquire the food they need to survive. Rising food prices require people to allocate a greater share of their income for food supply. And political insecurity may interfere with economic activity in general, making it harder for people to earn their living. In order to allow for a focused discussion, this panel shall not deal with questions of food security and political security, which are being discussed at a different venue. Economic security can either be achieved through income from work, or by a publicly financed social safety net. The UN definition makes a hierarchical distinction between the
two potential sources of income, with a clear preference for productive and remunerative work. Consequently, in the 1994 report by the UNDP, concerns about unemployment are seen as the most pressing ones. The international community has, for a long time, been involved in a discussion on how to stimulate economic growth, and thus the supply of jobs in developing countries. A major part of Official Development Assistance (ODA) is directed towards enhancing the economic functioning of developing countries. A different question, which is discussed less often, is the provision of a social safety net: while almost all developed countries feature some kind of a social welfare state, people in developing countries are often at the mercy of threats to economic security.
ECONOMIC SECURITY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT.
“Economic security requires an assured basic income – usually
from productive and remunerative work, or in the last resor from some publicly financed safety net.” (UNDP 1994, p. 25) This was the definition of economic security as provided by the UN in their 1994 Report on Human Development. Economic security can either be achieved through income from work, or by a publicly financed social safety net. The UN definition makes a hierarchical distinction between the two potential sources of income, with a clear preference for productive and remunerative work. Consequently, in the 1994 report by the UNDP, concerns about unemployment are seen as the most pressing ones. The international community has, for a long time, been involved in a discussion on how to stimulate economic growth, and thus the supply of jobs in developing countries.
The provision of economic security-- The international community-
One fundamental question in the field of human security is “who should provide it?” The1994 UNDP report is very unclear about this. It states that individuals have the main burden of mastering their lives. At the same time, the report calls for solidarity and cooperation in order to achieve the goals it sets. How should the burden be shared among the different actors? As stated, the creation of social insurance in the developed world was essentially a national process. Should the international community thus stand on the sidelines while developing countries develop their social welfare systems?
In fact, the international community is already strongly engaged in the provision of economic security. The Millennium Development Goal No. 1 calls for the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger by 2015. In particular, the number of people living on less than 1US$ per day should be halved. However, most of the activity towards achieving this MDG has been focused towards food security (which is not our focus here) and to improve agricultural exploitation in developing countries. For poor urban populations, which are mostly salarydependent,
not many initiatives have been forthcoming. These parts of the population would
however profit most from social insurance institutions related to unemployment, accident, family policy and others. The potential gains in terms of economic security are significant. Thus, there is a clear need for action from the international community to work towards better social safety nets for the urban proletariat in developing countries.
Problems for the provision of Economic Security in country like INDIA
Developing countries are confronted with big challenges when moving towards the provision of Economic Security nets. The problems are manifold:-----
Developing countries national budgets are often strongly overstretched. Tax
collection is weak. Other issues, such as conflict relief and warfare, often take up a
larger share of the national budget. No money is left for government-provided social
insurance. However, donor governments sometimes provide budgetary help to
assistance-receiving countries, which could be earmarked towards the construction
of a social safety net.
In developing countries economies like India, the informal sector is often bigger than the formal one. Individuals employed in the informal part of the economy enjoy even less protection in terms of social insurance than their counterparts in the formal sector. These jobs thus need to be brought into the formal sector, in order to give them appropriate social security. On the other hand, the wage-related costs of social insurance are often cited as one of the reasons why the informal sector is so large in
the first place. Can this vicious circle somehow be broken?
Globalization has sometimes been described as a ‘race to the bottom’. Open borders and the mobility of capital have forced countries to lower their social and
environmental standards in order to attract investment and maintain their productive sector. Therefore, countries cannot impose costly social insurance schemes on their economy, since the companies would leave for a ‘cheaper’ place to establish themselves. But is there really a ‘race to the bottom’, and does it really impede the provision of economic security?
What is the role of private actors? Historically, in the developed countries, trade unions and religious groups have played a crucial role in the establishment of economical policy. Can such groups play a similar role in developing countries? If so, which stance should the international community take towards these actors?
Institutions and the provision of economic security under conditions of globalization Globalization has produced new definitions of economic security centered on two types of unwanted transmissions across national borders: illicit flows that are more difficult to control and easier to disguise as legitimate economic transactions increase (terrorism, crime, pollution); and economic (largely financial) shocks that can undermine economic growth, increase inequality, and threaten political stability. Countering the first type of transmission involves identification, monitoring, and control at the national level, coupled with collaboration at the regional and global levels. Illicit flows often embody security threats independent of their effects on economic security. Economic security is reduced when countermeasures taken against these threats impose costs on legitimate economic exchange and reduce the levels of legitimate trade and investment. More difficult to calculate and manage are the costs and risks associated with fluctuations in usually benign cross-border flows of goods, capital, and labor. It is this second dimension of economic insecurity that has drawn the most attention from policymakers. Institutions can offset the economic insecurity associated with globalization in three ways: providing insurance, adding to policy credibility, and encouraging adaptation. In the past, Asian governments managed their links to the international economy through institutions with high credibility: adopting a strategy Economic security redefined: the (perceived) perils of globalization If globalization contributed to the erosion of an older definition of economic security, it also fostered a redefined concern over economic threats to national wellbeing. Recurrent financial crises during the 1990s struck emerging markets in Asia and elsewhere with particular force, to the surprise of both national elites and many financial market observers. These powerful shocks reinforced a more pessimistic view of a globalized world: economic openness might produce more economic insecurity. Renewed attention to the negative effects of globalization was reinforced by additional economic shocks that flowed from the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 and the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) epidemic of 2003. The new century had dawned, it seemed, on an international landscape of diminished economic opportunity and heightened threat. This swing from exaggerated optimism over the benefits of globalization to a more pessimistic assessment of insecurity in a globalized world was to be expected. Renewed economic insecurity, however, was not centered primarily on the threat of economic manipulation by rival states, as older anxieties had been. Instead, the new assessment linked globalization to economic security in two ways. Both emphasize the importance of nonstate actors and the new economic environment that they have created and exploited. Rather than concentrating solely
on the vulnerability of states, both stress the vulnerability of individuals, groups, and societies as well as the internal political consequences of that vulnerability.Rather than external manipulation by other states, the undermining of state authority by nonstate networks and economic shocks is central
.THE INDIAN ECONOMIC SECURITY-
The Indian economy is steadily growing at an incredible pace with no major domestic or external imbalances apparent. But is it secure? The answer is not obvious, since economic security is a complex dynamic concept. In today’s globalised world, it is best defined by the state’s ability to meet, on a sustained basis, the material aspirations of its citizens. This depends to a considerable extent on the state’s institutional capacity to cushion its people from domestic and global threats.
Seen thus, the country’s economic security is related to every aspect of production, distribution and consumption of goods and services. Thus, the agenda for economic security includes almost every aspect of government and business policy. But in order to determine how secure the Indian economy is, I have narrowed the definition, in a paper I am preparing for the new CII Council on Economic Security, to three concepts: resources security, institutional security and strategic security.
Resources Security: this encompasses two broad areas of natural resource security that includes efficient and sustainable access to water, energy and other natural resources; and human resource security that requires a workforce with adequate skills to ensure global competitiveness. India does not measure up too well on these counts. In spite of a large endowment of arable land, it has low agricultural productivity—and it grew at a mere 7% annually over 1995 to 2004—in comparison with other large emerging economies. The underlying reasons are poor rural infrastructure, neglect of the food-processing sector and policy inadequacies in the organised retail sector that make it difficult to optimise supply chains for agriculture products. India has the lowest renewable water resources among major global economies. Industrial and urban demand for water is fortunately low by international norms, but demand might increase hugely, “crowding out” water for agriculture. Separately, India needs to prepare a plan for sustainable energy security, given its heavy dependence on imported oil & gas. India also loses about a quarter of the electricity it generates to transmission and distribution losses. Like China, India is well placed in terms of human resource endowment. India can compete with other developing countries in labour intensive sectors and with OECD economies in knowledge intensive sectors. But larger social investment is essential to sustain this edge. About 340 million Indians below 15 years of age will require education, health and nutrition. But India is clearly lagging behind the rest of the world in human. The basic concept of economic security is not new in India. Traditionally, a sort of moral economy existed to provide security to older destitute and other vulnerable groups in society. However, gradually, traditional support systems are disappearing, and state-based economic security systems have come into existence. Under standardized economic security policies, government is covering retirement benefits for those in the organized sector; economic security benefits for those in the unorganized sector; and old-age pension for rural elderly. These are contributory as well as non-contributory programs. Besides life insurance approaches, savings-linked insurance and Annapurna (food security) are other important programs. However, in terms of coverage, program quality and effectiveness have been largely criticized by social security experts, suggesting immediate reforms to old-age programs.
Economic Development: Review of last year’s presentation
•Growth trajectory lifted to 6% during1980s & 1990s from 3% over 1960s &1970s
•TFP & labour productivity in the 1990s higher than the average of the 1980s, but agriculture lagged in the 1990s and inter-state inequalities worsened
Economic Developments under Manmohan Singh Govt.
•Indian economy has moved to a higher growth trajectory? : 8%+ growth
•Saving & investment ratio has hit an all time high of 30%+
•Foreign investment (FDI+ FII) =US$18bn p.a.; strengthened IPR protection will raise FDI
•Profit growth has been around 30% p.a.
•Remittances exceeding US$20bn. p.a.
•Stock market index has more than doubled
•Completion of infrastructure projects more rapid
•Turnaround in Indian Railways
ECONOMIC GROWTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
The HD-GNP cycle.proportion of GNP spent by the various levels across countries in each of these ratios, which of government; the HD-allocation ratio, means that the same level of GNP may be denned as the proportion of total government associated with very deferent levels of government spending on HD priorities. 18 expenditure going to the HD-sectors; and, ,the HD priority ratio, denned as the The underlying determinants of these three proportion of total HD-sector expenditure ratios are complex, but include the following:
© going to ``priority areas.'' Within the HD-sec-the tax capacity of the system;
© the strength torso, some expenditures are clearly much more of the demand for military expenditure and for productive in terms of achieving advances inother non-HD priorities of the government;
©HD than others; for example, basic education, the varying interplay between bureaucratic especially at an early stage of development, is forces, vested interests and popular pressures. It generally recognized to have a larger impact on should be noted that all three ratios are ejected especially at an early stage of development, is forces, vested interests and popular pressures. It generally recognized to have a larger impact onShould be noted that all three ratios are ejected
Tuesday, September 22, 2009
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
TOOLS FOR SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
Broadly speaking, a tool is any device that, when used properly, improves the performance of a task, such as
· The development of computer informance of a task,
· The development of computer information systems.
One will be examine the many tools and techniques developed to aid the systems analysis. In general, the tools are grouped into the categories of analysis, designs and development.
ANALYSIS TOOLS
Ø Data collection tools
Ø Charting Tools
Ø Dictionary Tools
The most useful tools in each of these categories are becoming automated ,both to improve the efficiency of the analyst and to make the results of the analysis effort more accurate and complete.
TOOLS FOR SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
Broadly speaking, a tool is any device that, when used properly, improves the performance of a task, such as
· The development of computer informance of a task,
· The development of computer information systems.
One will be examine the many tools and techniques developed to aid the systems analysis. In general, the tools are grouped into the categories of analysis, designs and development.
ANALYSIS TOOLS
Ø Data collection tools
Ø Charting Tools
Ø Dictionary Tools
The most useful tools in each of these categories are becoming automated ,both to improve the efficiency of the analyst and to make the results of the analysis effort more accurate and complete.
Friday, March 20, 2009
A step towards sustainable agriculture
To provide enough food and gainful; employment to increasing population is a big challenge before agricultural scientist. To feed such a large population we have to produce at least 205 mt extra food grains and have to double our present day milk, vegetables, fruits, eggs, meat production besides meeting their requirement for fuel, fiber, timber etc for clothing and housing. To primitive know-how of crop cultivation has been transformed into modern agriculture, through ages and it is still changing. And evolving according to the economics, social and environmental needs. It was aptly uttered by Pandit Jawaharlaal Nahru ‘everything can wait but not the agriculture’. In the post green revolution era, imbalanced fertilization, excessive irrigation and indiscriminate use of pesticides have undermined the sustainability.
This step can be carry forwarded by equal participation of both the gender through timely and proper extension services.
This step can be carry forwarded by equal participation of both the gender through timely and proper extension services.
Information Revolution -
Indian Society has its own folk arts, folk dance, folk epics. India villages are full of handicrafts, shilps, wooden work, mattle work. Traditonal media have been serving as a Significant channel of communication. But Modern information revolution gives wide platform to our original culture. The rural art identify themselves with the proper presentation though media Modern informative media - Vibrant cities - have more persuasive power and are able to create genuine interest among their audience. Their imporant features are only local appeal, indigenous nature, cultural compativility and also radio station. But the became more popular, more effective with Information Revolution.
# Meaning of Information Revolution :
The 21st century is the century of knowledge. The changing role of
information creats new eyes of world. The great “Visfot of Gyan” is been created with the information revolution. The jumping progress is found with new area every where.
SZ,M N]lGIF D]õLD[P
The new ambitions are created, new maps are drawn. Also in rural India, the “Gyan-bhookh” of rural people is starting to activate with global world.The main objective of the revolution is to satisfy all facilities of ordinary people with modern information technology and media. The most important ways are - 4To store the information
4To inter-relate the information
4To exchange the information
4To make proper use of information with proper way to proper person.with changing pattern of global market, proper ingormation techonlogies are lead the elonomy to development There are certain media like Typewritting, phone, fax, mobile, press, Talex, Computer, Interenet, Intranet. They are making great revolution also in rural area
# Village culture and seasonal occasions
Traditional media were focus on the rural traditions, culture and values of societies. They are all falk media. They are close to the heart of rural societies. They are unique in nature as they resemble the day-to-day life pattern of the rural masses Their. Special nature is derived from the fait that they have no grammer or literature yet they are nurtured through oral and functional sources The most popular traditional art forms of our county are the 'Tamasha', Powada, Nautanki, Yakshagana, Therukuthu, Jatra, bhavai. Balad forms, folk music, riddles, falk tales and puppetry.
# Important features of Traditional media –
== Literaly level -
The literaly level is very low in our country, which again a basic ordinary people with modern information technology and media. The most important ways are –
4To store the information
4To inter-relate the information
4To exchange the information
4To make proper use of information with proper way to proper person.with changing pattern of global market, proper ingormation techonlogies are lead the elonomy to development There are certain media like Typewritting, phone, fax, mobile, press, Talex, Computer, Interenet, Intranet. They are making great revolution also in rural area
== Village culture and seasonal occasions
Traditional media were focus on the rural traditions, culture and values of societies. They are all falk media. They are close to the heart of rural societies. They are unique in nature as they resemble the day-to-day life pattern of the rural masses Their. Special nature is derived from the fait that they have no grammer or literature yet they are nurtured through oral and functional sources The most popular traditional art forms of our county are the 'Tamasha', Powada, Nautanki, Yakshagana, Therukuthu, Jatra, bhavai. Balad forms, folk music, riddles, falk tales and puppetry.
The literaly level which again a basic necessity for information revolution. According to Kothari and Takeda (2000) literacy is a critical aspect of the soft infrastructure that will determine the extent and nature of the information revolution At the turn of the millenium, even the telecommunication infrastructure in rural area is not cover the programme. The worldwide internet would hardly be able to rural people includation because of illiteacy and English language barries. Only half of the adults of whole country (Rural + urban) are illiterate. Only half of literate may be able to take the advantage of the text-based matter in books or internet.
== Communication gap : (Vacume of information)
In fact, there has been a communication gap or vacuum of information in the villages, because the new media have not been able to reach the rural masses and the traditional media have been shrugged off or discarded by the developmental agencics
# Past experiences - (Researches for development purpose)
In India, during the freedam struggle when the mass media were
under the British control, the freedom fighters were using the local appeal like Tamasha, Bhavai, Street, play etc. (Ranganath, 1980) The propagators of folk theatre like Alkazi and Habib Tanvir have successfully spread a number of educational messages through their folk theatre. The centrul and state govt., after independance, used the Nationalist Harikath to educate the masses on family planning, developmentsl activities, democratic values and national integration. The Banks and The Life Insurance corporation have effectively necessity for information revolution. According to kothari and Takeda (2000) literacy is a critical aspect of the soft infrastructure that will determine the extent and nature of the information revolution At the turn of the millenium, even the telecommunication infrastructure in rural area is not cover the programme. The worldwide internet would hardly be able to rural people includation because of illiteacy and English language barries. Only half of the adults of whole country (Rural + urban) are illiterate. Only half of literate may be able to take the advantage of the text-based matter in books or internet..The Banks and The Life Insurance corporation have effectivelyused Indian puppertry for arousny interest of Rural people for bank savings and LIC policies.
# A pilot study by the Indian Institute of Mass communication on comparative power use the documentary film method in two villages.
The Institute of Rural communication has successfully completed a compaign on environment building for literacy in Udalpur in Rajstan which was bassed on the use of information media. One survey, said Gaur, Paliwal, (1997) that successfully covered 756 villages for bringing a attitudinal change amony the rural masses in approach There is a need for socially relevant courses and generation of resources through consultabcy services etc in cooperation with the industries and private sector. Much of our education system continued to be based upon the British or Western perspectives of cource the aim of literacy is to spread the knowledge and not creation of wrong values, but there was a need to bring proper awareness of and sensivity towards our society's rich heri tage and culture and to identify new frontiers of knowledge with a holistic approach. Srivastave, Chairman, Bihar state inter University Board remarks that the poor academic scenario need the maintenance of adequate number and quality of teachers in institutions. The good teachers should collectivety resolve to strive for better standards of education to the best of their abilities. The workshops, semenars, conferences are essentially an exercise for quality consciousness in the field of education and felt that the need of the hours to self- analysis by each of one. Gopalan and Cusat (2000) talked about innovation and spoke on the pivotal role of higher education in information revolution. They said that Qualiry is never an accident and is always a result of integrated effort. Quality is a continuous journey and not a destination. Here importance of an effective teacher in developing quality is necessiary input in this process so society should have a thorough understanding of "Effective Teaching Methods" and "Parameters of Quality".
# Training Programmes -
The National Assessment and Accredition council organised a series of frainy programme to creat a national pool of academicians to carry out the uphill task of Assessment approaches to the teachers NAAC is all set to accredit about 1000 higher education institutions per year. To uphold the credibility of the assessment process, NAAC has evolved many safeguards and protocols. One of the strategies that have ensured the professionalism of NAAC's process is the development of National Cadre of Assessors. The need for introducing into Electronic Assessment and Accreditation process and evolve electronically aided assessment which will facllitate quick assessment. Regional Training programmes on capality building for women leadership and governance in Higher Education also organised for the quick rural development.
# The Challanges and the Quary by Govt. :
The rural and urban India have great challanges for the I.T.sectorGovt. tries to cruare the challanges.
4 Indian Govt. has passed the Act - "Right for Information Act 2005" on 12th oct. 2005.
4 Govt has aimed to import Sobiliion dollars Information Technology softwares.
4 Govt decide to import this not only in America, but also in Japan, Australia, Singapore and othe developing countries.
4 In Global world, IT business developed upto 307 billion American dollars in 1990. It was update with 500 billian American dollars in 1995 and 850 billian American dollar in 2000 which will update with 900 billian American dollars 2008.
4 The main Global market for IT industrics is 50% of Amenrica The Indian software market has special features like competitive market lack of foreign Exchange, early repayment of capital, Technical designing problems, continuous price incrementation, etc.All these situations creat the belon given challenges to the industries.
== To appreciate the good work
India has to create environment for good workers with best salaries and best facilities. So they will not going to foreign countries for best life style.
== To qualify the managers
In global world, best management is the master key of success. With great remuneration, fulfill the demand of country - It is the management view. It can be achieved with co-operation of labour and owner.
== Global Brand and Eavity necessity
In Global market, the brand-name has its specil space for equity necessity. Customer will purchase the item, if he fill requirement of the item - "Use" is the optimum aspect. Producer and Consumer will get the decission jointly.
== Be a Global leader
The manager should take all decision with Global environment The strategies for production will base on theat concept. Thus, all managers have a aim to be a global leader
== Govt. laws for awareness
Indian govt's Information Laws are very notable. Australian Technology Park, Malesia Technology Park, Shikago Technology Park, China Information Technology Park, Scottland Technology Park of India have taken place which give guidenance for Import facilities, Student Computer Scheme, To appriciate and initiative the students for education of Information sectors, To create global Information City and National Information Draft and Sybar law committee for polick making of National Information lows.In India Banglore, Heydrabad, Channai, Noida, Bombay are the Electronic cities which will cover other 1000 cities upto 2010. Gandhinagar is the Informatic city in Gujarat, But it is not so developd only three units are active and five another units are not working complitely their. India surely will be a super power country in base of Informatic Revolution But we have to run fast to achieve the goal conclusion. Information and Communication Technologies (ICTS) have been playing signifecance role in promoting rural development in the country. The role being played by TV and Radio in Rural education and extension services can not be overlooked. New information and Communication Technologies the enviranment in which a person and as a Community live and interatt, Communication costs are coming down and information flow amony concerned stakeholders has become much quicker. The main object of these communication technologies from a development perspective is that of empovering people through knowledge. It is believed that it would develop in rural people and in communities a learning and innovation capacity that increases the effectiveness of their efforts to improve the quality of their lives. It is argyed rightly by some expert communication specialists that once knowledge is recognized as the fundamental building block of development options for disadvatages communities around the world the role of communication technologies becomes conspicus in this envisioning process. management view. It can be achieved with co-operation of labour and owner.
# Meaning of Information Revolution :
The 21st century is the century of knowledge. The changing role of
information creats new eyes of world. The great “Visfot of Gyan” is been created with the information revolution. The jumping progress is found with new area every where.
SZ,M N]lGIF D]õLD[P
The new ambitions are created, new maps are drawn. Also in rural India, the “Gyan-bhookh” of rural people is starting to activate with global world.The main objective of the revolution is to satisfy all facilities of ordinary people with modern information technology and media. The most important ways are - 4To store the information
4To inter-relate the information
4To exchange the information
4To make proper use of information with proper way to proper person.with changing pattern of global market, proper ingormation techonlogies are lead the elonomy to development There are certain media like Typewritting, phone, fax, mobile, press, Talex, Computer, Interenet, Intranet. They are making great revolution also in rural area
# Village culture and seasonal occasions
Traditional media were focus on the rural traditions, culture and values of societies. They are all falk media. They are close to the heart of rural societies. They are unique in nature as they resemble the day-to-day life pattern of the rural masses Their. Special nature is derived from the fait that they have no grammer or literature yet they are nurtured through oral and functional sources The most popular traditional art forms of our county are the 'Tamasha', Powada, Nautanki, Yakshagana, Therukuthu, Jatra, bhavai. Balad forms, folk music, riddles, falk tales and puppetry.
# Important features of Traditional media –
== Literaly level -
The literaly level is very low in our country, which again a basic ordinary people with modern information technology and media. The most important ways are –
4To store the information
4To inter-relate the information
4To exchange the information
4To make proper use of information with proper way to proper person.with changing pattern of global market, proper ingormation techonlogies are lead the elonomy to development There are certain media like Typewritting, phone, fax, mobile, press, Talex, Computer, Interenet, Intranet. They are making great revolution also in rural area
== Village culture and seasonal occasions
Traditional media were focus on the rural traditions, culture and values of societies. They are all falk media. They are close to the heart of rural societies. They are unique in nature as they resemble the day-to-day life pattern of the rural masses Their. Special nature is derived from the fait that they have no grammer or literature yet they are nurtured through oral and functional sources The most popular traditional art forms of our county are the 'Tamasha', Powada, Nautanki, Yakshagana, Therukuthu, Jatra, bhavai. Balad forms, folk music, riddles, falk tales and puppetry.
The literaly level which again a basic necessity for information revolution. According to Kothari and Takeda (2000) literacy is a critical aspect of the soft infrastructure that will determine the extent and nature of the information revolution At the turn of the millenium, even the telecommunication infrastructure in rural area is not cover the programme. The worldwide internet would hardly be able to rural people includation because of illiteacy and English language barries. Only half of the adults of whole country (Rural + urban) are illiterate. Only half of literate may be able to take the advantage of the text-based matter in books or internet.
== Communication gap : (Vacume of information)
In fact, there has been a communication gap or vacuum of information in the villages, because the new media have not been able to reach the rural masses and the traditional media have been shrugged off or discarded by the developmental agencics
# Past experiences - (Researches for development purpose)
In India, during the freedam struggle when the mass media were
under the British control, the freedom fighters were using the local appeal like Tamasha, Bhavai, Street, play etc. (Ranganath, 1980) The propagators of folk theatre like Alkazi and Habib Tanvir have successfully spread a number of educational messages through their folk theatre. The centrul and state govt., after independance, used the Nationalist Harikath to educate the masses on family planning, developmentsl activities, democratic values and national integration. The Banks and The Life Insurance corporation have effectively necessity for information revolution. According to kothari and Takeda (2000) literacy is a critical aspect of the soft infrastructure that will determine the extent and nature of the information revolution At the turn of the millenium, even the telecommunication infrastructure in rural area is not cover the programme. The worldwide internet would hardly be able to rural people includation because of illiteacy and English language barries. Only half of the adults of whole country (Rural + urban) are illiterate. Only half of literate may be able to take the advantage of the text-based matter in books or internet..The Banks and The Life Insurance corporation have effectivelyused Indian puppertry for arousny interest of Rural people for bank savings and LIC policies.
# A pilot study by the Indian Institute of Mass communication on comparative power use the documentary film method in two villages.
The Institute of Rural communication has successfully completed a compaign on environment building for literacy in Udalpur in Rajstan which was bassed on the use of information media. One survey, said Gaur, Paliwal, (1997) that successfully covered 756 villages for bringing a attitudinal change amony the rural masses in approach There is a need for socially relevant courses and generation of resources through consultabcy services etc in cooperation with the industries and private sector. Much of our education system continued to be based upon the British or Western perspectives of cource the aim of literacy is to spread the knowledge and not creation of wrong values, but there was a need to bring proper awareness of and sensivity towards our society's rich heri tage and culture and to identify new frontiers of knowledge with a holistic approach. Srivastave, Chairman, Bihar state inter University Board remarks that the poor academic scenario need the maintenance of adequate number and quality of teachers in institutions. The good teachers should collectivety resolve to strive for better standards of education to the best of their abilities. The workshops, semenars, conferences are essentially an exercise for quality consciousness in the field of education and felt that the need of the hours to self- analysis by each of one. Gopalan and Cusat (2000) talked about innovation and spoke on the pivotal role of higher education in information revolution. They said that Qualiry is never an accident and is always a result of integrated effort. Quality is a continuous journey and not a destination. Here importance of an effective teacher in developing quality is necessiary input in this process so society should have a thorough understanding of "Effective Teaching Methods" and "Parameters of Quality".
# Training Programmes -
The National Assessment and Accredition council organised a series of frainy programme to creat a national pool of academicians to carry out the uphill task of Assessment approaches to the teachers NAAC is all set to accredit about 1000 higher education institutions per year. To uphold the credibility of the assessment process, NAAC has evolved many safeguards and protocols. One of the strategies that have ensured the professionalism of NAAC's process is the development of National Cadre of Assessors. The need for introducing into Electronic Assessment and Accreditation process and evolve electronically aided assessment which will facllitate quick assessment. Regional Training programmes on capality building for women leadership and governance in Higher Education also organised for the quick rural development.
# The Challanges and the Quary by Govt. :
The rural and urban India have great challanges for the I.T.sectorGovt. tries to cruare the challanges.
4 Indian Govt. has passed the Act - "Right for Information Act 2005" on 12th oct. 2005.
4 Govt has aimed to import Sobiliion dollars Information Technology softwares.
4 Govt decide to import this not only in America, but also in Japan, Australia, Singapore and othe developing countries.
4 In Global world, IT business developed upto 307 billion American dollars in 1990. It was update with 500 billian American dollars in 1995 and 850 billian American dollar in 2000 which will update with 900 billian American dollars 2008.
4 The main Global market for IT industrics is 50% of Amenrica The Indian software market has special features like competitive market lack of foreign Exchange, early repayment of capital, Technical designing problems, continuous price incrementation, etc.All these situations creat the belon given challenges to the industries.
== To appreciate the good work
India has to create environment for good workers with best salaries and best facilities. So they will not going to foreign countries for best life style.
== To qualify the managers
In global world, best management is the master key of success. With great remuneration, fulfill the demand of country - It is the management view. It can be achieved with co-operation of labour and owner.
== Global Brand and Eavity necessity
In Global market, the brand-name has its specil space for equity necessity. Customer will purchase the item, if he fill requirement of the item - "Use" is the optimum aspect. Producer and Consumer will get the decission jointly.
== Be a Global leader
The manager should take all decision with Global environment The strategies for production will base on theat concept. Thus, all managers have a aim to be a global leader
== Govt. laws for awareness
Indian govt's Information Laws are very notable. Australian Technology Park, Malesia Technology Park, Shikago Technology Park, China Information Technology Park, Scottland Technology Park of India have taken place which give guidenance for Import facilities, Student Computer Scheme, To appriciate and initiative the students for education of Information sectors, To create global Information City and National Information Draft and Sybar law committee for polick making of National Information lows.In India Banglore, Heydrabad, Channai, Noida, Bombay are the Electronic cities which will cover other 1000 cities upto 2010. Gandhinagar is the Informatic city in Gujarat, But it is not so developd only three units are active and five another units are not working complitely their. India surely will be a super power country in base of Informatic Revolution But we have to run fast to achieve the goal conclusion. Information and Communication Technologies (ICTS) have been playing signifecance role in promoting rural development in the country. The role being played by TV and Radio in Rural education and extension services can not be overlooked. New information and Communication Technologies the enviranment in which a person and as a Community live and interatt, Communication costs are coming down and information flow amony concerned stakeholders has become much quicker. The main object of these communication technologies from a development perspective is that of empovering people through knowledge. It is believed that it would develop in rural people and in communities a learning and innovation capacity that increases the effectiveness of their efforts to improve the quality of their lives. It is argyed rightly by some expert communication specialists that once knowledge is recognized as the fundamental building block of development options for disadvatages communities around the world the role of communication technologies becomes conspicus in this envisioning process. management view. It can be achieved with co-operation of labour and owner.
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